Fig. 1.

Investment game. (A) Participants played a sequential-choice game during surgery using button boxes (Left) and a visual display (Right). For each patient, bet size adjustments (e.g., increase bet or decrease bet) and the decision to submit one’s answer were performed with button boxes. (B) Investment game (19, 21): participants view a graphical depiction of the market price history (red trace), their current portfolio value (bottom left box), and their most recent outcome (bottom right box) to decide and submit investment decisions (bets) using a slider bar in 10% increments (bottom center). Bet sizes were limited to 0–100% (in 10% increments) of the participant’s portfolio—no shorting of the market was allowed. During an experiment, a participant played 6 markets with 20 decisions made per market. (C) Timeline of events during a single round of the investment game.