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Fluorescence confocal micrographs of a vertical cross-section (A) and a horizontal cross-section (B) of microcolonies of GFP-labeled E. coli (GFP-EC; green) cultured on the intestinal epithelium (F-actin, magenta; nuclei, blue) on-chip for 2 d. White dotted line in A indicates the apical surface of the intestinal villi. Note that the bacteria preferentially inhabit the basal spaces between the villi. (Scale bars, 50 μm.)
