Table 1.

Loading of the life-history traits grouped by their relation to turnover and strategies for longevity, growth, and reproduction onto the first two PCA axes

Life-history trait	Symbol	Definition	PCA 1	PCA 2
Turnover
Generation time	T	Number of years necessary for the individuals of a population to be fully replaced by new ones	0.85	0.17
Longevity
Survivorship curve type	H	Shape of the age-specific survivorship curve lx as quantified by Keyfitz’ entropy (H). H >1, = 1, <1 correspond to survivorship curves types I, II, and III, respectively	0.55	0.23
Age at sexual maturity	Lα	Number of years that it takes an average individual in the population to become sexually reproductive	0.71	0.29
Growth
Progressive growth	γ	Mean probability of transitioning to a larger/more developed stage in the life cycle of the species, weighted by the stable stage distribution (SSD)	-0.73	−0.05
Retrogressive growth	ρ	Mean probability of transitioning to a smaller/less developed stage in the life cycle of the species, SSD-weighted	0.07	-0.77
Reproduction
Mean sexual reproduction	Φ	Mean per-capita number of sexual recruits across stages in the life cycle of the species, SSD-weighted	-0.83	0.30
Degree of iteroparity	S	Spread of reproduction throughout the lifespan of the individual as quantified by Demetrius’ entropy (S). High/low S values correspond to iteroparous/semelparous populations	−0.23	0.51
Net reproductive rate	Ro	Mean number of recruits produced during the mean life expectancy of an individual in the population	0.04	0.75
Mature life expectancy	Lω	Number of years from the mean age at sexual maturity (Lα) until the mean life expectancy (ηe) of an individual in the population	0.15	0.27
Explained variation, %			34.06	21.23
Cumulative percentage of explained variation			34.06	55.38

Loadings in bold indicate a high contribution (greater than ±0.50) of the life-history trait to the PCA axis.