Table 2.
Animal studies for sex differences in effects of exercise on drug addiction (double-sex)
|
Prevention effects
| ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise schedule |
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| Citation | Subjects | Age | Drug | Model | Duration | Frequency | Intensity | Sex difference | Outcome of exercise | |
| Ehringer et al. (2009) | Mice | Adult | Alcohol | # | VR | 13 days | Daily, 24-h/day | --- | Yes | Reduced alcohol consummation significantly in females, while no differences were found in males. |
| Thanos et al. (2010) | Rats | 6 weeks | Cocaine | CPP | FR | 6 weeks | 5 days/week, 1-h/day | 10m/min | Yes | Blocked the formation of CPP in males, attenuated the CPP in females. |
| Smith et al. (2011) | Rats | 3 weeks | Cocaine | SA | VR | 6 weeks | Daily, 24-h/day | M: 3850m/day F: 9500m/day |
No | Weaken SA in both sexes, although the escalating intake was more in females than males. |
| Smith et al. (2012) | Rats | 3 weeks | Cocaine | SA | VR | 6 weeks | Daily, 24-h/day | M: 4000m/day F: 8500m/day |
No | Decreased reinstatement in both sexes, although females exhibited faster extinction of response than males. |
| Devaud et al. (2012) | Rats | 6 weeks | Alcohol | ## | VR | 10 days | Daily, 24-h/day | --- | No | Attenuated withdrawal-induced increases in seizure susceptibility in male and female rats. |
|
Treatment effects | ||||||||||
| Cosgrove et al. (2002) | Rats | Adult | Cocaine | SA | VR | 10 days | Daily, 24-h/day | --- | Yes | Suppressed SA in females, but not in males. |
| Brocardo et al. (2012) | Rats | 6 weeks | Alcohol | ## | VR | 10 days | Daily, 24-h/day | M: 2670m/day F: 5380m/day |
Yes | Reversed the depressive-like behaviors in males, but not in females. |
| Sanchez et al. (2014) | Rats | Adolescent | Nicotine | SA | VR | 10 days | Daily, 2-h/day | --- | Yes | Reduced SA in males, access to a wheel, either locked or unlocked, was sufficient to lower the seeking in females. |
| Peterson et al. (2014) | Rats | Adult | Cocaine | SA | VR | 14 days | Daily, 24-h/day 1,2,6,24-h/day |
--- | Yes | Male rats were more sensitive than females to exercise-induced attenuation of cocaine-seeking. |
| Zlebnik et al. (2014) | Rats | Adult | Cocaine | SA | VR | 14 days | Daily, 6-h/day | --- | Yes | Attenuated extinction responses and cocaine-primed reinstatement in females, but not in males. |
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Unlimited access two-bottle choice (water or ethanol) model, and limited access drinking in the dark
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Administrated by a nutritionally complete liquid diet