Table 4.

Overview on the names and concentrations of the medicinal herbs, bacterial characteristics of oral biofilms, treatment duration, and major outcomes of the studies on herbal interventions on the in situ formed multispecies oral biofilms.

Authors	Year	Name of medicinal herb/concentration	Oral biofilm microorganisms	Treatment duration	Main results
Brighenti et al., 2012	2012	Aqueous extract of Psidium cattleianum leaf extract/167 mg/ml	Supragingival dental plaque (palatal appliance)	Treatments of 1 min each, at 12-h intervals, twice a day over 14 days	- The extract inhibited growth of biofilm bacteria - No decrease in pH values after treatment with the extract - The extract reduced the total amount of extracellular polysaccharides
Hannig et al., 2008	2008	Cistus tea/20 mg/ml	Supragingival dental plaque (individual upper jaw splints)	Pellicle formation for 1 min and 15 min, then 10-min treatment, splints kept in the oral cavity for 20 min, 40 min, or 109 min	- Cistus tea reduced the number of detectable adherent bacteria - Cistus tea caused decrease in peroxidase activity after 40 min - Glucosyltransferase, amylase, and lysozyme activities remained unaffected
Hannig et al., 2009	2009	Red wine, purple grape juice, cistus tea, black tea, green tea/10 mg/ml	Supragingival dental plaque (individual upper jaw splints)	Pellicle formation for 1 min, then 10-min treatment, splints kept in the oral cavity for another 19 min or 109 min	- All polyphenolic beverages reduced the number of detectable adherent bacteria - Confocal laser scanning microscopic images showed no discrepancies in the organization of bacterial aggregates - Cistus tea, red wine, and grape juice caused a decrease of up to 66% in oral biofilm bacteria