Table 4.

Distribution of symptoms, allergic conditions, health care utilization, and morbidity by country and location of residence among those with a previous diagnosis of asthma

	Urban			Rural
	Belarus (n = 30)	Ukraine (n = 54)	Poland (n = 84)	Belarus (n = 29)	Ukraine (n = 27)	Poland (n = 70)
Asthma attacks in the past 12 months	50.0	42.3	42.7*	51.7	37.0	26.9
Woken by asthma attacks in the past 3 months	33.3	16.3	35.5*	24.1	17.4	16.9
Ever diagnosed with spastic bronchitis	76.7*	58.3	38.1**	48.3	53.8	37.9
Chest wheeze in the past 12 months	73.3	70.4*	45.5	62.1	44.4	40.9
SOB with exercise in the past 12 months	46.7	53.7	36.6	37.9	44.4	24.6
Nocturnal SOB in the past 12 months	30.0	23.1	37.3*	24.1	29.6	22.4
Cough in the past 12 months	83.3	90.7*	92.7	86.2	74.1	88.1
Productive cough in the past 12 months	80.0	70.0	67.1	58.6	63.0	62.5
Ever diagnosed with rhinitis	43.3*	31.9	76.0*, **	13.8	25.0	55.9***
Ever diagnosed with eczema	56.7*	30.6	37.1	10.3	37.5	24.6
Ever diagnosed with any allergy	80.0*	46.0	66.2**	41.4	68.0	49.3
Ever had symptoms of allergic rhinitis or hayfever	50.0*	49.1	61.4	13.8	60.0	48.5‡
Ever had sneezing with congestion or intense runny nose apart from a cold	76.7	66.7	65.1	62.1	77.8	55.2
Ever had skin allergy or itching	50.0	23.1	28.6**	37.9	44.4	21.7
Ever used medication for asthma	86.7	42.0	65.8**	93.1	55.6	60.3***
Hospitalization due to breathing troubles in the past 12 months	20.0	28.8	6.0**	20.7	20.0	4.8***
Visited a doctor for breathing troubles in the past 12 months	60.0	45.3	50.6	51.7	55.6	41.2
Spirometry testing in the past 12 months	43.3	16.7	26.2**	24.1	18.5	37.1
Skin prick testing in the past 12 months	30.0	20.4	22.6	20.7	18.5	31.4

^* p < 0.05 comparing urban to rural within country

^** p < 0.05 comparing across countries among urban children

^*** p < 0.05 comparing across countries among rural children