Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| PDA (n = 114) | Usual Care (n = 111) | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (Mean, SD) | 53.0 (13.8) | 51.6 (11.5) | 0.4121 |
| Male (n, %) | 52 (45.6) | 50 (45.1) | 0.9317 |
| Race/Ethnicity (n, %) | |||
| White/Caucasian | 53 (46.5) | 48 (43.2) | 0.6243 |
| Black/African American | 32 (28.1) | 31 (27.9) | 0.9810 |
| Hispanic | 14 (12.3) | 15 (13.5) | 0.8437 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 5 (4.4) | 9 (8.1) | 0.2810 |
| Native American or Alaska Native | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.8) | 0.6183 |
| Other or Multi-Racial | 9 (7.9) | 6 (5.4) | 0.4542 |
| Education (n, %) | |||
| Grade School | 2 (1.8) | 1 (0.9) | 0.5786 |
| Some High School | 12 (10.5) | 2 (1.8) | 0.0068 |
| High School Graduate | 29 (25.4) | 29 (26.1) | 0.9062 |
| Some College | 30 (26.3) | 44 (39.6) | 0.0334 |
| College Graduate | 26 (22.8) | 24 (21.6) | 0.8307 |
| Graduate School | 15 (13.2) | 11 (9.9) | 0.4461 |
| Employment (n, %) | |||
| Full time | 50 (43.9) | 60 (54.1) | 0.3379 |
| Part time | 11 (9.6) | 7 (6.3) | |
| Unemployed | 15 (13.2) | 11 (9.9) | |
| On Disability | 19 (16.7) | 11 (9.9) | |
| Student | 2 (1.8) | 2 (1.8) | |
| Homemaker | 6 (5.3) | 3 (2.7) | |
| Other | 11 (9.6) | 17 (15.3) | |
| Insurance status (n, %) | |||
| PPO | 39 (34.2) | 49 (44.1) | 0.2585 |
| HMO | 26 (22.8) | 14 (12.6) | |
| Medicare | 19 (16.7) | 22 (19.8) | |
| Medicaid | 16 (14.0) | 10 (9.0) | |
| None | 6 (5.3) | 6 (5.4) | |
| Other | 8 (7.0) | 10 (9.0) | |
| Years since T2DM Diagnosis (Mean, SD) | 6.8 (6.0) | 6.5 (5.4) | 0.7192 |
| BMI (Mean, SD) | 34.4 (8.0) | 35.6 (9.4) | 0.3152 |
| Underweight (<18.5) (n,%) | 0 | 0 | 0.8106 |
| Normal (18.5–24.99) | 13 (11.4) | 11 (9.9) | |
| Overweight (25–29.99) | 22 (19.3) | 21 (18.9) | |
| Obese class I (30–34.99) | 32 (28.1) | 27 (24.3) | |
| Obese class II (35–39.99) | 15 (13.1) | 21 (18.9) | |
| Obese class III (>40) | 32 (28.1) | 31 (27.9) | |
| Comorbidities and Health Conditions (n,%) | |||
| High Blood Pressure | 82 (71.9) | 69 (62.2) | 0.1190 |
| Heart Disease | 10 (8.8) | 9 (8.1) | 0.8579 |
| Stroke | 3 (2.6) | 5 (4.5) | 0.4951 |
| High Cholesterol | 59 (51.8) | 57 (51.4) | 0.9518 |
| High Triglycerides | 23 (20.2) | 27 (24.3) | 0.4542 |
| Gallbladder Disease | 8 (7.0) | 5 (4.5) | 0.4192 |
| Liver Disease | 2 (1.8) | 2 (1.8) | 1.000 |
| Kidney Disease or Renal Failure | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.8) | 0.6183 |
| Pancreatitis | 3 (2.6) | 5 (4.5) | 0.4951 |
| Insulin Resistance | 5 (4.4) | 7 (6.3) | 0.5216 |
| Osteoporosis | 3 (2.6) | 2 (1.8) | 1.000 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 5 (4.4) | 5 (4.5) | 1.000 |
| Hypoglycemia | 3 (2.6) | 5 (4.5) | 0.4951 |
| Ketoacidosis | 0 | 2 (1.8) | 0.2423 |
| Neuropathy | 12 (10.5) | 9 (8.1) | 0.5330 |
| Yeast or Urinary Tract Infection | 22 (19.3) | 11 (9.9) | 0.0466 |
| Baseline Knowledge, Decisional Conflict and Decision Self-efficacy | |||
| Knowledge (% correct, mean, SD) | 20.4 % (15.7) | 22.6 % (16.9) | 0.3150 |
| Knowledge confidence score (mean, SD) | 56.1 (5.6) | 56.9 (8.6) | 0.4035 |
| Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) (mean, SD) | 45.8 (18.8) | 45.4 (16.9) | 0.8559 |
| Uncertainty subscale | 49.9 (24.5) | 50.8 (24.9) | 0.7915 |
| Informed subscale | 56.9 (23.7) | 58.5 (24.2) | 0.6214 |
| Support subscale | 36.6 (19.7) | 37.2 (18.4) | 0.8422 |
| Values Clarity subscale | 48.6 (23.2) | 45.1 (22.9) | 0.2524 |
| Effective Decision subscale | 39.1 (19.5) | 37.8 (16.5) | 0.5880 |
| Decisional Self-Efficacy Scale (DSES) (mean, SD) | 85.9 (15.6) | 85.6 (16.1) | 0.8738 |
anumerical variables t-test; categorical variables: X2 or Fisher’s exact test