Table 1.
Sample characteristics, significance tests, and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) across Study 1 and 2 at ages 15, 16, 19, and 24. Sample sizes reflect the maximum number of participants. Different degrees of freedom indicate missing data and/or unequal variances
| Total (N = 318) M (SD) | Men (n = 154) M (SD) | Women (n = 164) M (SD) | t (df) | p | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sense of coherence (SOC) 15 | 63.55 (10.89) | 65.58 (10.16) | 61.82 (11.22) | 2.91 (276) | .004 | 0.34*** |
| Neuroticism (N) 15 | 6.39 (3.30) | 5.80 (3.29) | 6.91 (3.22) | −2.87 (284) | .004 | −0.34*** |
| Extraversion (E) 15 | 8.68 (2.72) | 8.89 (2.81) | 8.49 (2.63) | 1.23 (284) | .220 | 0.15 |
| General Self−efficacy (GSE) 15 | 2.86 (0.46) | 2.92 (0.45) | 2.80 (0.46) | 2.20 (283) | .028 | 0.26** |
| Tobacco use 15 | 2.99 (2.45) | 2.97 (2.50) | 3.01 (2.41) | −0.13 (274) | .900 | −0.02 |
| Alcohol use 15 | 2.78 (1.38) | 2.92 (1.49) | 2.64 (1.27) | 1.68 (274) | .094 | 0.20* |
| Cannabis use 15 | 1.37 (1.00) | 1.57 (1.26) | 1.19 (0.63) | 3.06 (184.83) | .003 | 0.38*** |
| Tobacco use 24 | 3.90 (2.70) | 4.01 (2.75) | 3.79 (2.68) | 0.49 (148) | .622 | 0.08 |
| Alcohol use 24 | 3.95 (1.26) | 4.35 (1.16) | 3.57 (1.23) | 4.28 (168) | < .001 | 0.65**** |
| Cannabis use 24 | 1.63 (1.15) | 2.00 (1.37) | 1.24 (0.71) | 3.81 (89.28) | < .001 | 0.70**** |
| SCL90-R GSI 16 | 0.46 (0.43) | 0.45 (0.43) | 0.47 (0.43) | −0.44 (266) | .664 | −0.05 |
| SCL90-R GSI 19 | 0.42 (0.40) | 0.41 (0.33) | 0.43 (0.44) | −0.37 (175) | .713 | −0.05 |
Men and women differ significantly at * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < .01, **** p < .001