Table 1.
Participant characteristics by group
| EX | GR | TSI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 46 | 48 | 45 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| African American | 67 | 60 | 60 |
| Caucasian | 7 | 7 | 3 |
| Hispanic | 26 | 33 | 38 |
| Economically disadvantaged | 87 | 89 | 100 |
| Grade | |||
| 1 | 10 | 16 | 13 |
| 2 | 90 | 84 | 87 |
| Limited English proficiency | 2 | 6 | 0 |
| Special education | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| Urban site | 56 | 60 | 55 |
Note. Economic disadvantage determined by qualification for federal free or reduced-price lunch program. Values are percentages. EX = explicit instruction; GR = guided reading; TSI = typical school instruction.