Table 3.
Ordinary Least Squares Models of Total Shared Time on Weekdays and Weekends, 2003–2010
| Predictor | Weekday | Weekend | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |||||||
| Earner status (ref. = both FT) | ||||||||||||
| Single earner | ||||||||||||
| Husband FT | 37.79 | *** | –4.32 | –9.44 | ** | 30.20 | *** | 10.10 | * | 12.32 | * | |
| (3.55) | (3.85) | (3.55) | (5.16) | (5.02) | (4.87) | |||||||
| Wife FT | 66.44 | *** | 25.06 | *** | 15.16 | * | 26.24 | ** | 2.94 | 1.89 | ||
| (6.60) | (6.60) | (6.55) | (9.12) | (9.06) | (8.88) | |||||||
| Husband PT | 106.66 | *** | 59.41 | *** | 36.40 | ** | 54.29 | ** | 35.02 | 29.02 | ||
| (13.17) | (13.23) | (12.82) | (19.47) | (18.27) | (17.98) | |||||||
| Wife PT | 136.49 | *** | 94.08 | *** | 68.49 | *** | 19.59 | 1.65 | –1.83 | |||
| (12.74) | (12.34) | (12.11) | (15.35) | (15.02) | (14.96) | |||||||
| Dual earner | ||||||||||||
| Husband FT, Wife PT | 11.53 | ** | 3.92 | –10.65 | ** | 1.53 | 3.76 | –1.34 | ||||
| (3.77) | (3.68) | (3.58) | (5.75) | (5.53) | (5.37) | |||||||
| Wife FT, Husband PT | 15.66 | 11.96 | –2.64 | –4.43 | –3.61 | –3.83 | ||||||
| (8.79) | (8.49) | (8.56) | (15.36) | (14.49) | (14.56) | |||||||
| Both PT | 94.54 | *** | 82.50 | *** | 51.45 | *** | 17.52 | 28.11 | 19.68 | |||
| (14.95) | (14.63) | (14.10) | (22.51) | (19.89) | (18.95) | |||||||
| Life stage (ref. = youngest child age 6–9) | ||||||||||||
| No children, wife ≤ age 45 | 43.87 | *** | 44.99 | *** | 46.51 | *** | 75.62 | *** | 74.79 | *** | 77.88 | *** |
| (6.01) | (5.81) | (5.64) | (9.03) | (8.57) | (8.31) | |||||||
| Youngest child 1 or under | 24.83 | *** | 21.21 | *** | 19.47 | *** | 56.73 | *** | 53.07 | *** | 51.35 | *** |
| (5.33) | (5.20) | (5.03) | (7.64) | (7.28) | (7.08) | |||||||
| Youngest child age 2 | 13.46 | * | 10.19 | 8.72 | 37.77 | *** | 34.54 | *** | 33.13 | *** | ||
| (6.39) | (6.36) | (6.12) | (9.33) | (8.89) | (8.65) | |||||||
| Youngest child age 3–5 | –0.14 | 0.15 | –0.07 | 14.93 | * | 16.26 | * | 15.99 | * | |||
| (4.71) | (4.64) | (4.49) | (7.08) | (6.72) | (6.56) | |||||||
| Youngest child age 10–13 | 6.44 | 5.93 | 7.30 | 5.74 | 5.70 | 6.52 | ||||||
| (5.01) | (4.85) | (4.72) | (7.50) | (7.18) | (7.02) | |||||||
| Youngest child age 14–17 | 7.77 | 7.72 | 11.41 | * | 5.62 | 5.40 | 6.12 | |||||
| (5.50) | (5.36) | (5.22) | (8.42) | (8.06) | (7.94) | |||||||
| Youngest child age 18+ | 30.49 | *** | 31.14 | *** | 37.51 | *** | 22.76 | * | 20.84 | * | 21.64 | * |
| (7.13) | (6.87) | (6.70) | (10.33) | (9.92) | (9.76) | |||||||
| No children, wife > age 45 | 46.99 | *** | 47.78 | *** | 51.74 | *** | 70.65 | *** | 67.27 | *** | 68.93 | *** |
| (5.95) | (5.77) | (5.58) | (8.90) | (8.49) | (8.28) | |||||||
| Respondent work controls | ||||||||||||
| Workday (ref. = non-workday) | –107.67 | *** | –159.57 | *** | ||||||||
| (4.29) | (4.26) | |||||||||||
| Minutes paid work | –0.25 | *** | –0.49 | *** | ||||||||
| (0.01) | (0.01) | |||||||||||
| Respondent characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Female (ref. = male) | –9.04 | ** | –32.25 | *** | –48.27 | *** | –20.38 | *** | –38.73 | *** | –45.91 | *** |
| (2.79) | (2.94) | (3.00) | (4.20) | (4.10) | (4.02) | |||||||
| Age | –1.01 | *** | –0.97 | *** | –1.13 | *** | –1.49 | *** | –1.34 | *** | –1.48 | *** |
| (0.24) | (0.23) | (0.23) | (0.36) | (0.34) | (0.34) | |||||||
| Husband characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Education (ref. = less than HS degree) | ||||||||||||
| GED/HS degree | 5.75 | 5.00 | 6.08 | 5.44 | 7.01 | 7.97 | ||||||
| (6.16) | (5.97) | (5.89) | (9.12) | (8.72) | (8.50) | |||||||
| Some college | 8.70 | 8.14 | 8.46 | 4.97 | 8.85 | 5.59 | ||||||
| (6.34) | (6.14) | (6.06) | (9.46) | (9.09) | (8.89) | |||||||
| College/advanced degree | 17.11 | ** | 18.85 | ** | 17.89 | ** | 23.78 | * | 30.79 | *** | 19.54 | * |
| (6.46) | (6.26) | (6.16) | (9.69) | (9.31) | (9.10) | |||||||
| Race (ref. = White) | ||||||||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | –15.41 | –21.34 | –19.18 | –40.56 | * | –41.64 | * | –39.74 | * | |||
| (12.48) | (11.57) | (11.23) | (19.50) | (19.06) | (18.58) | |||||||
| Other, non-Hispanic | –9.55 | –11.58 | –11.42 | –12.73 | –7.80 | 0.40 | ||||||
| (7.86) | (7.68) | (7.32) | (13.05) | (12.40) | (12.12) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 12.59 | 11.40 | 9.96 | 8.67 | 9.16 | 14.51 | ||||||
| (7.16) | (6.96) | (6.74) | (10.33) | (9.81) | (9.54) | |||||||
| Wife characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Education (ref. = less than HS degree) | ||||||||||||
| GED/HS degree | –3.59 | –4.77 | –5.57 | 3.89 | –0.15 | –2.26 | ||||||
| (6.77) | (6.60) | (6.49) | (9.90) | (9.37) | (9.07) | |||||||
| Some college | –11.19 | –11.76 | –11.69 | –7.20 | –8.25 | –11.36 | ||||||
| (6.90) | (6.72) | (6.59) | (10.18) | (9.68) | (9.36) | |||||||
| College/advanced degree | –14.75 | * | –12.17 | –10.91 | 7.49 | 10.65 | –2.41 | |||||
| (7.10) | (6.92) | (6.79) | (10.52) | (10.03) | (9.70) | |||||||
| Race (ref. = White) | ||||||||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | –31.40 | * | –27.33 | * | –29.00 | * | –61.44 | ** | –61.18 | ** | –56.76 | ** |
| (12.43) | (11.60) | (11.30) | (20.11) | (19.74) | (19.15) | |||||||
| Other, non-Hispanic | –9.86 | –7.73 | –6.29 | 6.49 | 4.92 | 2.88 | ||||||
| (7.39) | (7.27) | (6.92) | (11.69) | (11.32) | (11.03) | |||||||
| Hispanic | –18.71 | ** | –17.58 | ** | –16.20 | * | –0.42 | –0.53 | 2.46 | |||
| (7.04) | (6.81) | (6.52) | (10.43) | (9.88) | (9.60) | |||||||
| Constant | 202.99 | *** | 306.51 | *** | 336.45 | *** | 434.44 | *** | 484.97 | *** | 500.89 | *** |
| (12.39) | (13.08) | (12.60) | (18.80) | (17.79) | (17.38) | |||||||
| Model fit | ||||||||||||
| F | 27.11 | *** | 44.76 | *** | 68.90 | *** | 17.68 | *** | 59.60 | *** | 139.27 | *** |
| N | 23,226 | 23,226 | 23,226 | 23,657 | 23,657 | 23,657 | ||||||
Note. Numbers in parentheses are standard errors. Data are based on the authors’ calculations from 2003–2010 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data obtained from ATUS-X (Hofferth et al., 2013). Models also control for year (2003 is the reference) and whether the diary was collected on a holiday (non-holiday is reference; results are available on request). ref. = reference category; FT = full time; PT = part time; HS = high school.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.