Table 4.
Ordinary Least Squares Models of Spousal Time on Weekdays and Weekends, 2003–2010
| Predictor | Weekday | Weekend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
| Earner status (ref. = both FT) | ||||||
| Single earner | ||||||
| Husband FT | 19.80*** | –0.70 | –4.18 | 11.71** | 4.16 | 4.32 |
| (2.70) | (2.97) | (2.79) | (4.03) | (4.02) | (3.96) | |
| Wife FT | 41.21*** | 21.07*** | 15.17** | 25.28** | 16.53* | 15.22* |
| (5.28) | (5.22) | (5.18) | (7.85) | (7.82) | (7.72) | |
| Husband PT | 64.11*** | 41.11*** | 28.44** | 30.85* | 23.62 | 20.40 |
| (9.67) | (9.79) | (9.62) | (14.65) | (14.32) | (14.23) | |
| Wife PT | 98.57*** | 77.93*** | 64.05*** | 3.41 | –3.33 | –5.45 |
| (11.29) | (11.14) | (11.00) | (12.27) | (12.11) | (12.10) | |
| Dual earner | ||||||
| Husband FT, Wife PT | 10.30*** | 6.59* | –0.96 | –3.60 | –2.76 | –4.78 |
| (2.90) | (2.86) | (2.83) | (4.31) | (4.30) | (4.24) | |
| Wife FT, Husband PT | 10.82 | 9.02 | 1.53 | –1.86 | –1.56 | –1.62 |
| (8.14) | (8.06) | (8.14) | (12.60) | (12.33) | (12.38) | |
| Both PT | 66.64*** | 60.78*** | 44.77*** | 3.13 | 7.10 | 4.02 |
| (11.99) | (11.82) | (11.69) | (16.24) | (15.56) | (14.99) | |
| Life stage (ref. = youngest child age 6–9) | ||||||
| No children, wife ≤ age 45 | 119.93*** | 120.47*** | 121.27*** | 243.23*** | 242.92*** | 244.17*** |
| (4.91) | (4.83) | (4.76) | (7.36) | (7.25) | (7.13) | |
| Youngest child age 1 or under | –14.29*** | –16.05*** | –17.01*** | –14.62*** | –15.99*** | –16.84*** |
| (3.08) | (3.09) | (3.08) | (4.20) | (4.18) | (4.18) | |
| Youngest child age 2 | –11.23** | –12.82*** | –13.64*** | –11.61* | –12.82** | –13.53** |
| (3.46) | (3.47) | (3.42) | (4.73) | (4.70) | (4.69) | |
| Youngest child age 3–5 | –8.81** | –8.67** | –8.77** | –9.34** | –8.84* | –8.90* |
| (2.84) | (2.85) | (2.82) | (3.57) | (3.59) | (3.60) | |
| Youngest child age 10–13 | 7.05* | 6.81* | 7.49* | 18.91*** | 18.90*** | 19.23*** |
| (3.17) | (3.13) | (3.11) | (4.18) | (4.18) | (4.19) | |
| Youngest child age 14–17 | 25.75*** | 25.73*** | 27.60*** | 69.26*** | 69.18*** | 69.47*** |
| (3.74) | (3.71) | (3.68) | (5.64) | (5.60) | (5.57) | |
| Youngest child age 18+ | 67.40*** | 67.71*** | 70.96*** | 133.71*** | 132.99*** | 133.25*** |
| (5.52) | (5.45) | (5.39) | (7.95) | (7.86) | (7.80) | |
| No children, wife > age 45 | 112.61*** | 112.99*** | 115.02*** | 225.91*** | 224.65*** | 225.20*** |
| (4.60) | (4.53) | (4.47) | (6.80) | (6.71) | (6.62) | |
| Respondent work controls | ||||||
| Workday (ref. = non-workday) | –52.40*** | –59.91*** | ||||
| (3.34) | (3.40) | |||||
| Minutes paid work | –0.13*** | –0.20*** | ||||
| (0.01) | (0.01) | |||||
| Respondent characteristics | ||||||
| Female (ref. = male) | –6.83** | –18.13*** | –26.75*** | –12.39*** | –19.28*** | –22.94*** |
| (2.18) | (2.35) | (2.41) | (3.31) | (3.33) | (3.30) | |
| Age | –0.19 | –0.17 | –0.25 | –0.26 | –0.20 | –0.26 |
| (0.19) | (0.19) | (0.19) | (0.30) | (0.29) | (0.29) | |
| Husband characteristics | ||||||
| Education (ref. = less than HS degree) | ||||||
| GED/HS degree | 7.07 | 6.70 | 7.24 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 5.23 |
| (4.45) | (4.43) | (4.42) | (7.18) | (7.07) | (7.03) | |
| Some college | 12.66** | 12.39** | 12.54** | 1.25 | 2.71 | 1.51 |
| (4.67) | (4.63) | (4.61) | (7.46) | (7.37) | (7.33) | |
| College/advanced degree | 15.86** | 16.70*** | 16.25*** | 3.24 | 5.87 | 1.49 |
| (4.92) | (4.88) | (4.85) | (7.72) | (7.61) | (7.57) | |
| Race (ref. = White) | ||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | –9.41 | –12.30 | –11.32 | –25.59* | –26.00* | –25.25 |
| (9.11) | (9.33) | (9.33) | (13.03) | (13.03) | (12.92) | |
| Other, non-Hispanic | –8.75 | –9.74 | –9.70 | 5.79 | 7.64 | 11.22 |
| (6.03) | (6.01) | (5.84) | (10.17) | (9.94) | (9.75) | |
| Hispanic | 2.51 | 1.93 | 1.18 | –16.62* | –16.43* | –14.21* |
| (5.57) | (5.52) | (5.46) | (7.30) | (7.20) | (7.09) | |
| Wife characteristics | ||||||
| Education (ref. = less than HS degree) | ||||||
| GED/HS degree | 1.61 | 1.03 | 0.60 | 7.53 | 6.01 | 4.98 |
| (4.94) | (4.93) | (4.90) | (7.45) | (7.32) | (7.26) | |
| Some college | 0.46 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 4.07 | 3.68 | 2.36 |
| (5.16) | (5.13) | (5.09) | (7.67) | (7.55) | (7.47) | |
| College/advanced degree | –3.05 | –1.79 | –1.10 | 9.51 | 10.70 | 5.42 |
| (5.37) | (5.33) | (5.29) | (8.00) | (7.87) | (7.81) | |
| Race (ref. = White) | ||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | –9.12 | –7.14 | –7.91 | –19.87 | –19.78 | –17.94 |
| (9.19) | (9.46) | (9.47) | (13.45) | (13.44) | (13.33) | |
| Other, non-Hispanic | –7.76 | –6.72 | –5.94 | –9.36 | –9.95 | –10.85 |
| (6.00) | (5.98) | (5.81) | (8.87) | (8.70) | (8.57) | |
| Hispanic | –12.16* | –11.62* | –10.89* | –12.73 | –12.77 | –11.54 |
| (5.45) | (5.39) | (5.28) | (7.35) | (7.26) | (7.12) | |
| Constant | 59.43*** | 109.81*** | 127.18*** | 104.74*** | 123.71*** | 132.21*** |
| (9.37) | (10.10) | (9.89) | (14.65) | (14.46) | (14.30) | |
| Model fit | ||||||
| F | 78.37*** | 78.39*** | 82.48*** | 125.60*** | 128.10*** | 135.68*** |
| N | 23,226 | 23,226 | 23,226 | 23,657 | 23,657 | 23,657 |
Note. Numbers in parentheses are standard errors. Data are based on the authors’ calculations from 2003–2010 American Time Use (ATUS) data obtained from ATUS-X (Hofferth et al., 2013). Models also control for year (2003 is the reference) and whether the diary was collected on a holiday (non-holiday is the reference; results are available upon request). ref. = reference category; FT = full time; PT = part time; HS = high school.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.