Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics of the Sample at the 9-Month Interview

Variable	% or M
	Total (N = 5,000)	No HS/GED (n = 900)	HS/GED (n = 1,450)	Some college (n = 1,200)	College (n = 1,350)
Maternal age at child’s birth (years)	27.5	24.0a,b,c	26.0b,c,d	28.4a,c,d	31.9a,b,d
	(6.2)	(6.1)	(5.9)	(5.3)	(4.4)
Maternal race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	55.4	24.5a,b,c	54.0b,c,d	62.9a,c,d	79.a,b,d
Non-Hispanic Black	13.7	17.1c,d	18.1c,d	13.5a,c,d	4.7a,b,d
Hispanic White	24.2	53.2a,a,b,c	22.6b,c,d	16.6a,c,d	6.4a,b,d
Other	6.7	5.2c,b	5.4c,d	6.9a,c,d	9.2a,b,d
Mother foreign born	21.5	43.9a,b,c	15.9b,c,d	16.2a,c,d	12.8a,b,d
Family structure
Married biological	65.7	41.4a,b,c	56.1b,c,d	74.2a,c,d	93.6a,b,d
Cohabiting biological	13.6	26.2a,b,c	14.4b,c,d	11.3a,c,d	2.6a,b,d
Stepparents (cohabiting or married)	0.9	1.3c	1.2d	1.0c	0.1a,b,d
Single mother	19.9	31.2a,b,c	28.5b,c,d	13.5a,c,d	3.8a,b,d
Maternal employment status
Not working	46.5	64.6a,b,c	47.9b,c,d	39.8a,c,d	35.1a,b,d
Part time	19.5	12.2a,b,c	18.2a,d	20.4d	27.6a,d
Full time	34.1	23.2a,b,c	33.9b,c,d	39.8a,d	37.3a,d
Paternal education
No HS/GED	22.7	56.8a,b,c	24.6b,c,d	12.0a,c,d	1.0a,b,d
HS diploma/GED	26.3	30.8a,b,c	39.6b,c,d	24.7a,c,d	6.6a,b,d
Some college/associate’s degree	26.0	11.4a,b,c	27.3b,c,d	40.9a,c,d	21.8a,b,d
College or higher	25.0	1.0a,b,c	8.5b,c,d	22.4a,c,d	70.6a,b,d
Household income (average in $1,000s)	$30–$35	$20–$25a,b,c	$25–$30b,c,d	$35–$40a,c,d	$50–$75a,b,d
	(3.4)	(4.6)	(3.1)	(2.9)	(1.8)
Lapse in or no child health insurance	10.7	17.1a,b,c	11.0c,d	10.8a,c	3.8a,b,d
Maternal self-reported excellent/good health	68.7	55.9a,b,c	63.4b,c,d	71.8a,c,d	84.7a,b,d
At least one pregnancy risk factor	29.6	28.1	29.0	31.8	29.6
Maternal depression (0–4)	1.43	1.51b,c	1.48b,c	1.41a,c,d	1.30a,b,d
	(0.47)	(0.56)	(0.48)	(0.43)	(0.35)
Child born at low birth weight	7.7	8.7	8.8	6.9	6.0
Child female	49.7	49.2	48.4	49.5	51.7
English is child’s home language	19.7	45.1a,b,c	15.5c,d	12.4c,d	9.1a,b,d
Number of siblings in the home (average)	0.98	1.12c	0.98c	1.01c	0.83a,b,d
	(1.10)	(1.32)	(1.04)	(1.08)	(0.94)
Region
Northeast	19.2	13.4a,b,c	18.5c,d	18.3c,d	25.8a,b,d
Midwest	19.6	13.9b,c	18.5b,c	23.8a,d	21.a,d
South	35.0	40.5b,c	37.0b,c	31.1a,d	32.1a,d
West	26.3	32.2c	26.0	26.8	20.3d

Note. Table data are weighted %s/Ms (t tests and χ²s) and unweighted Ns. Ns are rounded to nearest 50th per National Center for Education Statistics guidelines. Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations.

^aStatistically different from college.

^bStatistically different from HS/GED.

^cStatistically different from some college.

^dStatistically different from no HS (high school)/GED at p < .05.