Table 5.

Univariate associations of demographic and health behaviours with smartphone addiction (n = 1,519). Values are numbers unless stated otherwise

	Smartphone addiction according to the SAS-SV
	No (n = 1,263)	Yes (n = 256)	OR (95% CI)	p
Gender
Male	629 (85.9%)	103 (14.1%)	Ref.
Female	634 (80.6%)	153 (19.4%)	1.47 (1.07–2.03)	.02
Age
15–16 years	299 (81.9%)	66 (18.1%)	Ref.
17–18 years	623 (82.1%)	136 (17.9%)	0.99 (0.75–1.30)	.94
19–20 years	213 (85.9%)	35 (14.1%)	0.74 (0.48–1.16)	.19
21 years or older	128 (87.1%)	19 (12.9%)	0.67 (0.39–1.17)	.16
Highest educational degree
None	11 (68.8%)	5 (31.3%)	Ref.
Secondary school	1045 (83.7%)	203 (16.3%)	0.43 (0.18–1.01)	.05
Vocational qualification	187 (80.6%)	45 (19.4%)	0.53 (0.20–1.40)	.20
Technical or high school	20 (87.0%)	3 (13.0%)	0.33 (0.08–1.43)	.14
Immigrant background
No immigrant background	850 (86.2%)	136 (13.8%)	Ref.
One parent born outside Switzerland	186 (83.8%)	36 (16.2%)	1.21 (0.80–1.82)	.36
Both parents born outside Switzerland	227 (73.0%)	84 (27.0%)	2.31 (1.63–3.28)	<.01
Hours of extracurricular moderate to vigorous physical activity per week, Md (Q1; Q3)	3 (2; 6)	3 (1; 5)	0.95 (0.90–0.99)	.02
Body weight in kilograms, Md (Q1; Q3)	65 (58; 75)	62 (55; 70)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	.08
Perceived stress
Low	551 (89.2%)	67 (10.8%)	Ref.	<.01
High	712 (79.0%)	189 (21.0%)	2.18 (1.68–2.84)
Tobacco smoking
Non-smoking	987 (83.6%)	193 (16.4%)	Ref.
Current smoking daily or occasionally	276 (81.4%)	63 (18.6%)	1.17 (0.86–1.59)	.32
Number of standard drinks in a typical week, Md (Q1; Q3)	3 (0; 7)	3 (0; 8)	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	.59
Maximum number of drinks on an occasion in the past 30 days, Md (Q1; Q3)	3 (0; 6)	4 (0; 7)	1.01 (0.98–1.04)	.46

Notes: Separate binary logistic regression model for each variable. SAS-SV = short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale for Adolescents.