Table 1.
Toxin Load and Disease Risk
| Toxin | Disease | Risk | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic | Diabetes | 3.6 | Navas-Acien et al8 (2008) |
| Lung cancer | 3.0–5.0 | Heck et al9 (2009) | |
| Cadmium | Myocardial infarction | 1.8 | Everett et al10 (2008) |
| Osteoporosis | 1.4 | Gallagher et al11 (2008) | |
| Obstructive lung disease | 2.52 (top decile) | Yoon et al12 (2014) | |
| Lead | Gout | 3.6 | Krishnan et al13 (2012) |
| Obstructive lung disease | 2.37 (top decile) | Rokadia et al14 (2013) | |
| Organochlorine pesticides | Diabetes | 9.1 | Kim et al15 (2014) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 3.5 | Lee et al16 (2007) | |
| Hyperuricemia | 2.5 | Lee et al17 (2013) | |
| Organophosphate pesticides | IQ in children according to OPs in mother | 7.1-point decrease in IQ | Bouchard et al18 (2010) |
| ADHD | 2.0 | Bouchard et al19 (2011) | |
| PCBs | ADHD | >3.0 | Boersma et al20 (2000) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 8.5 | Lee et al16 (2007) | |
| Bisphenol A | Prediabetes | 1.34 (top tertial) | Sabanayagam et al21 (2013) |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.51 | Tepalla et al22 (2012) | |
| Obesity (children) | 2.55 | Bhandari et al23 (2013) | |
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers | Diabetes | 2.0–3.0 | Lim et al24 (2008) |
| Phthalates | Osteoporosis | 14.1-fold (MCPP) 5.9 (MCOP) 5.9 (MBzP) |
Min et al25 (2014) |
| Obesity | 1.62 (DEHP, adults) 1.77 (HMW, adults) 2.84 (LMW, children) 4.29 (MiBP, male children) |
Buser et al26 (2014) |
Abbreviations: IQ, intelligence quotient; OP, organophosphate pesticides; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; MCPP, mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate; MCOP, monocarboxyoctyl phthalate; MBzP, mono benzylbutyl phthalate; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; HMW, high molecular weight phthalates; LMW, low molecular weight phthalates; MiBP, mono-isobutyl phthalate.