Table 1. Summary of hierarchical AMOVA for different geographical groupings and genetic clustering.

Grouping		Source of variation	df	Sum of squares	Estimated variation (%)	Statistic	p-value
Geographic locations	By areas1	Between areas	4	93.9	17%	PHIPT = 0.17	0.0001
		Within areas	123	525.9	83%
	By villages2	Between areas	4	136.8	22%	PHIRT = 0.22	0.0002
		Between villages within areas	7	43.6	4%	PHIPR = 0.06	0.0036
		Within villages	116	482.3	73%	PHIPT = 0.27	0.0001
Genetic clusters3	K = 2	Between clusters	1	73	37%	PHIPT = 0.37	0.0001
		Within clusters	87	355.3	63%
	K = 3*	Between clusters	1	53.3	26%	PHIPT = 0.26	0.0001
		Within clusters	79	338.7	74%
	K = 7	Between clusters	6	224.9	59%	PHIPT = 0.59	0.0001
		Within clusters	80	167.2	41%

At 2-level hierarchical AMOVA: PHI_PT = estimate of the proportion of the parasites’ genetic variance between areas/clusters relative to the total variance. At 3-level hierarchical AMOVA: PHI_RT, PHI_PR and PHI_PT = proportion of variance between the areas, between villages and within villages, respectively.

¹Number of isolates: A1 (n = 60), A2 (n = 16), A3 (n = 10), A4 (n = 38), A5 (n = 4)

²Number of isolates: A1 (MN = 20, FM = 7, SR = 20, LP = 7, SP = 6), A2 (VS = 4, others A2 = 12), A3 (VA = 7, others A3 = 3), A4 (SC = 36, VBP = 2), A5 = 4.

³Genetic clustering assignment performed using STRUCTURE. Parasites classified as admixed were not considered for AMOVA. When K = 2 the clusters contained: 71 and 18 isolates; when K = 3: 58 and 23 isolates; and when K = 7: 23, 18, 15, 11, 10, 7 and 3 isolates.

* For K = 3, only two clusters were considered since no isolate was assigned as full member of the third cluster.