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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Lang. 2015 Dec 10;152:14–27. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.10.005

Table 1.

Sentence Types.

Sentence Type Example
Active (A) The girl hugged the boy.
Passive (P) The boy was hugged by the girl.
Three Noun Phrases (3NP) The niece said that the girl hugged the boy.
Pronoun (PRO) The niece said that the girl hugged her.
Reflexive (REF) The niece said that the girl hugged herself.
Cleft Subject (CS) It was the girl who hugged the boy.
Cleft Object (CO) It was the boy who the girl hugged.
Subject Object (SO) The boy who the girl hugged washed the woman.
Subject Subject (SS) The girl who hugged the boy washed the woman.
Subject Subject and Pronoun (SSPRO) The woman who hugged the girl washed her.
Subject Object and Pronoun (SOPRO) The woman who the girl hugged touched her.
Subject Subject and Reflexive (SSREF) The woman who hugged the girl washed herself.
Subject Object and Reflexive (SOREF) The woman who the girl hugged touched herself.

Verbs in bold underline and pronouns and NPs in bold italics served as measures of on-line performance (see text). Experimental-Baseline contrasts used to examine effects of structures were as follows:

  • Passive: P-A

    Object Extraction: CO-CS, SO-SS, SOPRO-SSPRO, SOREF-SSREF

    Pronouns: PRO-3NP, SSPRO-SS, SOPRO-SO

    Reflexives: REF-3NP, SOREF-SO, SSREF-SS