Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics Stratified by Presence or Absence of CKD
| Clinical characteristic | No CKD (n = 154) | CKD (n = 145) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.9±12.3 | 69.3±12.1 | <0.001 |
| Female, n(%) | 96(62) | 95(66) | 0.57 |
| Race, n(%) | 0.58 | ||
| White | 78 (51) | 77(53) | |
| African American | 63(41) | 52(37) | |
| Other | 13(8) | 16(11) | |
| NYHA functional class, n(%) | 0.004 | ||
| I | 26(17) | 16(11) | |
| II | 68(44) | 48(33) | |
| III | 56(37) | 81(56) | |
| IV | 3(2) | 0(0) | |
| Coronary artery disease, n(%) | 71(46) | 75(52) | 0.33 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 104(68) | 121(83) | 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n(%) | 76(49) | 83(57) | 0.17 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n(%) | 33(21) | 57(39) | <0.001 |
| Current or former smoker, n(%) | 62(40) | 60(41) | 0.84 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n(%) | 34(22) | 44(30) | 0.1 |
| Obesity, n(%) | 77(50) | 73(50) | 0.95 |
| COPD, n(%) | 48(31) | 56(39) | 0.18 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea, n(%) | 47(31) | 57(39) | 0.11 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.2±19.8 | 126.9±20.7 | 0.12 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.4±11.4 | 68.5±12.5 | 0.035 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.8±8.7 | 31.5±8.4 | 0.7 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9±0.2 | 2.3±2.1 | <0.001 |
| Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 83.5±16.5 | 37.2±15.7 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.1±1.9 | 11.8±1.7 | 0.12 |
| B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/ml)* | 113 (37–290) | 338 (187–640) | <0.001 |
| Medications, n(%) | |||
| ACE-I/ARB | 77(50) | 84(58) | 0.17 |
| β-blocker | 90(58) | 110(76) | 0.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 45(29) | 54(37) | 0.14 |
| Nitrate | 8(5) | 32(22) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretic | 69(45) | 96(66) | <0.001 |
| Thiazide diuretic | 34(22) | 30(21) | 0.77 |
| Aldosterone blocker | 20(13) | 17(12) | 0.74 |
| Statin | 65(42) | 81(56) | 0.018 |
| Aspirin | 52(34) | 79(54) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin | 32(21) | 38(26) | 0.27 |
Continuous variables expressed as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise specified
*
Values represent median (25th–75th percentile)
CKD = chronic kidney disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; ACE-I = angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker