Table 3.
Association of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Chronic Kidney Disease with Indices of Cardiac Mechanics on Multivariable-Adjusted Linear Regression Analyses
| Model 1 | β-Coefficient for 1-SD decrease in GFR | p-value | β-Coefficient for CKD | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LA reservoir strain | −3.59 (−5.42, −1.76) | <0.0001 | −5.60 (−9.27, −1.92) | 0.003 |
| LA conduit strain | −1.93 (−2.88, −0.99) | <0.0001 | −2.72 (−4.60, −0.84) | 0.005 |
| LA booster strain | −1.54 (−2.60, −0.47) | 0.005 | −2.92 (−5.04, −0.80) | 0.007 |
| LV longitudinal strain | −0.71 (−1.21, −0.22) | 0.005 | −1.36 (−2.33, −0.39) | 0.006 |
| RV free wall strain | −1.10 (−2.06, −0.13) | 0.026 | −2.66 (−4.55, −0.78) | 0.006 |
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| Model 2 | ||||
|
| ||||
| LA reservoir strain | −3.01 (−4.84, −1.18) | 0.001 | −4.59 (−8.22, −0.96) | 0.013 |
| LA conduit strain | −1.60 (−2.54, −0.66) | 0.001 | −2.18 (−4.02, −0.33) | 0.021 |
| LA booster strain | −1.38 (−2.44, −0.33) | 0.011 | −2.64 (−4.72, −0.56) | 0.013 |
| LV longitudinal strain | −0.59 (−1.10, −0.08) | 0.023 | −1.20 (−2.20, −0.21) | 0.018 |
| RV free wall strain | −1.20 (−2.20, −0.21) | 0.018 | −2.79 (−4.71, −0.86) | 0.005 |
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| Model 3 | ||||
|
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| LA reservoir strain | −2.52 (−4.40, −0.63) | 0.009 | −3.63 (−7.34, 0.09) | 0.055 |
| LA conduit strain | −1.33 (−2.29, −0.38) | 0.006 | −1.69 (−3.56, 0.17) | 0.074 |
| LA booster strain | −1.12 (−2.2, −0.03) | 0.044 | −2.21 (−4.35, −0.06) | 0.044 |
| LV longitudinal strain | −0.42 (−0.94, 0.10) | 0.11 | −0.92 (−1.91, 0.08) | 0.072 |
| RV free wall strain | −1.23 (−2.25, −0.21) | 0.018 | −2.82 (−4.79, −0.86) | 0.005 |
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| Model 4 | ||||
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| LA reservoir strain | −3.52 (−5.23, −1.81) | <0.0001 | −4.63 (−8.01, −1.26) | 0.007 |
| LA conduit strain | −1.97 (−2.90, −1.05) | <0.0001 | −2.27 (−4.10, −0.44) | 0.015 |
| LA booster strain | −1.64 (−2.77, −0.52) | 0.004 | −2.69 (−4.91, −0.48) | 0.017 |
| LV longitudinal strain | −0.53 (−1.03, −0.03) | 0.037 | −1.08 (−2.05, −0.12) | 0.028 |
| RV free wall strain | −1.19 (−2.22, −0.16) | 0.024 | −2.68 (−4.67, −0.69) | 0.008 |
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| Model 5 | ||||
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| LA reservoir strain | −3.07 (−4.85, −1.28) | 0.001 | −4.72 (−8.27, −1.17) | 0.009 |
| LA conduit strain | −1.57 (−2.47, −0.66) | 0.001 | −1.99 (−3.77, −0.20) | 0.029 |
| LA booster strain | −1.44 (−2.48, −0.39) | 0.007 | −2.77 (−4.83, −0.71) | 0.009 |
| LV longitudinal strain | −0.56 (−1.03, −0.08) | 0.022 | −1.01 (−1.94, −0.08) | 0.033 |
| RV free wall strain | −1.19 (−2.16, −0.21) | 0.017 | −2.68 (−4.57, 0.80) | 0.005 |
LA = left atrial; LV = left ventricular; RV = right ventricular
• Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking status, and body mass index
• Model 2: adjusted for model 1 covariates plus hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, and obstructive sleep apnea
• Model 3: adjusted for model 1 covariates plus hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, obstructive sleep apnea, and LV mass (identical to model 2 except LV mass replaces hypertension)
• Model 4: adjusted for model 2 covariates plus ejection fraction and right atrial pressure
• Model 5: adjusted for model 2 covariates plus ejection fraction and LV end-diastolic volume