Table 2.
Associations Between Neighborhood Structural Factors/Social Processes And Rates Of Substantiated Cases Of Child Maltreatment In Chicago, IL 1995–2005*
| Neglect | ||||||||||||||||
| Base Model | Collective Efficacy |
Intergenerational Closure |
Neighborhood Network Size |
Physical and Social Disorder |
||||||||||||
|
Neighborhood Structural Factors: |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
|
| Neighborhood TANF Recipients |
2.63 | 1.87 | 3.70 | 2.64 | 1.97 | 3.53 | 2.78 | 2.05 | 3.77 | 2.68 | 1.96 | 3.66 | 2.66 | 1.89 | 3.76 | |
| Neighborhood Child Poverty |
9.37 | 5.45 | 16.13 | 4.45 | 2.49 | 8.02 | 7.84 | 4.70 | 13.07 | 10.70 | 6.46 | 17.70 | 3.18 | 1.38 | 7.32 | |
| Neighborhood Robbery Count |
1.01 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.02 | |
|
Neighborhood Social Processes: |
||||||||||||||||
| Collective Efficacy |
-- | -- | -- | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.88 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Intergenerational closure |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.96 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Neighborhood Network Size |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.97 | -- | -- | -- | |
| Physical and Social Disorder |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.27 | 1.10 | 1.46 | |
| Physical Abuse | ||||||||||||||||
| Base Model | Collective Efficacy |
Intergenerational Closure |
Neighborhood Network Size |
Physical and Social Disorder |
||||||||||||
|
Neighborhood Structural Factors: |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
|
| Neighborhood TANF |
||||||||||||||||
| Recipients Neighborhood |
1.58 | 1.27 | 1.98 | 1.60 | 1.30 | 1.97 | 1.69 | 1.36 | 2.10 | 1.61 | 1.29 | 2.01 | 1.60 | 1.29 | 1.99 | |
| Child Poverty Neighborhood |
7.38 | 5.12 | 10.65 | 3.80 | 2.47 | 5.84 | 6.00 | 4.13 | 8.73 | 7.78 | 5.43 | 11.16 | 3.12 | 1.82 | 5.36 | |
| Robbery Count | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | |
|
Neighborhood Social Processes: |
||||||||||||||||
| Collective Efficacy |
-- | -- | -- | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.90 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Intergenerational closure |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.97 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Neighborhood Network Size |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.98 | -- | -- | -- | |
| Physical and Social Disorder |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.21 | 1.10 | 1.33 | |
| Child Sexual Abuse | ||||||||||||||||
| Base Model | Collective Efficacy |
Intergenerational Closure |
Neighborhood Network Size |
Physical and Social Disorder |
||||||||||||
|
Neighborhood Structural Factors: |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
|
| Neighborhood TANF Recipients |
1.35 | 1.07 | 1.71 | 1.35 | 1.09 | 1.66 | 1.44 | 1.16 | 1.77 | 1.36 | 1.09 | 1.70 | 1.40 | 1.11 | 1.77 | |
| Neighborhood Child Poverty |
4.03 | 2.74 | 5.95 | 2.04 | 1.31 | 3.17 | 3.11 | 2.14 | 4.51 | 4.42 | 3.06 | 6.39 | 1.57 | 0.87 | 2.81 | |
| Neighborhood Robbery Count |
1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | |
|
Neighborhood Social Processes: |
||||||||||||||||
| Collective Efficacy |
-- | -- | -- | 0.82 | 0.76 | 0.88 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Intergenerational closure |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.93 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Neighborhood Network Size |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.96 | -- | -- | -- | |
| Physical and Social Disorder |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.24 | 1.12 | 1.37 | |
| Substance Exposed Infants | ||||||||||||||||
| Base Model | Collective Efficacy |
Intergenerational Closure |
Neighborhood Network Size |
Physical and Social Disorder |
||||||||||||
|
Neighborhood Structural Factors: |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
OR | lower ci |
upper ci |
|
| Neighborhood TANF Recipients |
5.24 | 3.22 | 8.53 | 5.31 | 3.27 | 8.64 | 5.61 | 3.40 | 9.27 | 5.60 | 3.43 | 9.12 | 5.45 | 3.14 | 9.46 | |
| Neighborhood Child Poverty |
3.89 | 1.17 | 12.97 | 3.35 | 1.23 | 9.13 | 5.05 | 2.06 | 12.39 | 6.65 | 2.88 | 15.36 | 3.81 | 0.98 | 14.72 | |
| Neighborhood Homicide Count |
1.23 | 1.07 | 1.41 | 1.25 | 1.08 | 1.43 | 1.28 | 1.11 | 1.47 | 1.26 | 1.10 | 1.45 | 1.29 | 1.11 | 1.50 | |
|
Neighborhood Social Processes: |
||||||||||||||||
| Collective Efficacy |
-- | -- | -- | 0.83 | 0.70 | 0.98 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Intergenerational closure |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.91 | 0.80 | 1.04 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Neighborhood Network Size |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.87 | 0.77 | 0.98 | -- | -- | -- | |
| Physical and Social Disorder |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.09 | 0.87 | 1.37 | |
*
Neighborhood level structural factors (TANF, child poverty and robbery/homicide counts) are each grand mean centered; BOLD indicates p<0.05 all models also control for age group (3 indicator variables referenced to the oldest age group males), and year (10 indicator variables referenced to the year 1995); reference groups across the structural measures were mean values for percentages of children whose families received Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), percentage of children living below federal poverty line, and for counts of neighborhood robberies (models of neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse) or homicides (models of substance exposed infants only)