Table 3.
Results From the Stepwise Multiple Regression Predicting Time 2 Reading Score From Time 1 Print-Speech Coactivation in Selected Regions of Interest
| Predictor | Step 1:
R2 = .09, F(3,
64) = 1.98, p < .126 |
Step 2:
R2 = .20, F(4,
63) = 4.00, p < .006 |
Step 3:
R2 = .26, F(5,
62) = 4.42, p < .002 |
Step 4:
R2 = .32, F(6,
61) = 4.78, p < .001 |
Step 5:
R2 = .37, F(7,
60) = 4.97, p < .001 |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | t(64) | p | β | t(64) | p | β | t(64) | p | β | t(64) | p | β | t(64) | p | |
| Age at Time 1 | −0.13 | −1.09 | .280 | −0.14 | −1.18 | .243 | −0.18 | −1.55 | .125 | −0.09 | −0.81 | .423 | −0.08 | −0.68 | .500 |
| Whole-brain activation to printed stimuli | 0.04 | 0.201 | .841 | −0.20 | −0.90 | .369 | −0.44 | −1.82 | .073 | −0.82 | −2.86 | .006 | −0.73 | −2.52 | .014 |
| Whole-brain activation to spoken stimuli | 0.25 | 1.14 | .257 | −0.13 | −0.55 | .582 | −0.37 | −1.46 | .150 | −0.62 | −2.30 | .025 | −0.32 | −1.05 | .296 |
| Left IPC | — | — | — | 0.69 | 3.05 | .003 | 0.53 | 2.31 | .024 | 0.55 | 2.45 | .017 | 0.47 | 2.16 | .035 |
| Left IFG | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.65 | 2.25 | .028 | 0.64 | 2.29 | .026 | 0.68 | 2.49 | .016 |
| Left fusiform gyrus | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.64 | 2.26 | .027 | 0.63 | 2.28 | .026 |
| Right IFG | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.42 | −2.11 | .039 |
Note: Age at Time 1, whole-brain activation in response to printed stimuli, and whole-brain activation in response to spoken stimuli were force-entered in Step 1. For the remaining steps, the number of voxels included in the anatomically defined regions of interest for both printed and spoken stimuli (print-speech coactivation) were selected among left and right inferior parietal cortex (IPC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), fusiform gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus (STG) until no additional regions of interest resulted in significant improvement in model fit. Reading scores were obtained from the Woodcock-Johnson Test of Achievement (WJ-III; Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather, 2001) Broad Reading composite measure. Print-speech coactivation refers to the number of voxels significantly active in the region for both printed and spoken stimuli.