Table 1.

Demographics and clinical measurements of periodontal disease in patient population

	Healthy (Magalhaes et al., )	Periodontal disease (Magalhaes et al., )	p values
Subjects (n)	20	20	NA
Males (%)	30	50	0.10
Caucasian (%)	95	85	0.15
Current tobacco users (%)	15	25	0.22
Former tobacco users (%)	35	70	≤0.05
Mean number of teeth	26.8 (24 – 28)	24.45 (19 – 28)	≤0.05
Mean age (years)	46.1 (24 – 74)	53 (39 – 66)	≤0.05
Sites with BOP (%)	10.46 (0 - 22.62)	60.08 (32.10 – 86.31)	≤0.001
Sites with gingival redness (%)	31.57 (0 – 82.10)	83.42 (37.68 – 100)	≤0.001
Sites with plaque (%)	41.04 (0 – 88.27)	81.8 (51.45 – 100)	≤0.001
Mean PD (Beikler et al., )	1.83 (1.21 – 2.46)	3.27 (2.19 – 4.13)	≤0.001
Sites with PD>4mm (%)	0	20.42	≤0.001
Mean CAL (Beikler et al., )	0.7 (0.06 – 1.93)	3.45 (2.06 – 6.83)	≤0.001

BOP = bleeding on probing; PD = probing depth; CAL = clinical attachment level. Healthy category patients exhibited no probing depths (PD) >4 mm, possessed minimal to no radiographic bone loss, and < 20 percent sites with bleeding on probing (BOP). Severe periodontitis subjects exhibited at least 8 sites with evidence of radiographic bone loss, had at least 8 sites with PD >4 mm, and >30% of sites with clinical attachment loss (Perez-Chaparro et al., ) >3 mm.