(A) Representative images of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) immunostaining in the kidneys of control and DDC-fed mice at days 1, 3, and 7. 4-HNE staining on kidney tissue was digitally analyzed and presented as percentage of positive staining area per field; control (white bar) and DDC-fed mice (black bar) at days 1, 3, and 7. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) Representative images of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) immunostaining in the kidneys of control and DDC-fed mice at days 1, 3, and 7. The ratio of 3-NT-positive cells to total tubular cells are presented as a percentage; control (white bar) and DDC-fed mice (black bar) at days 1, 3, and 7. Scale bar = 50 μm. Data are presented as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05 compared with control mice.