(A) Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), and total bilirubin (T-Bil). (B) Serum levels of plasma creatinine, urine levels of urinary neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL), and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. (C) Proximal tubular cells with injured brush border microvilli, and counts of autophagosomes in control (white bar), 3 days of DDC-fed (black bar), and recovery 7- or 28-day mice (3 days of DDC feeding followed by an additional 7 or 28 days of standard diet, gray bar). Data are presented as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05 compared with the control mice. #P < 0.05 compared with three days of DDC-fed mice; NS, not significant. Control mice samples in creatinine, NGAL, and brush border injury, and control and 3 days of DDC-fed mice samples in T-Bil, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, and autophagosomes were reproduced from Figs 1, 3, 5 and 8, respectively.