Table 1.
Cancer | Expression | Signaling | Effector(s) | Consequence(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Prostate | Upregulated [146, 147, 168] |
PKD-JNK-JunD [147] PKC-NFκB [171] Ca2+-CaMKII [146] |
BMP6 [171] |
Invasion, metastasis [146, 147, 169] Proliferation [171] |
Non-melanoma | Upregulated [149] | ? | ? | Invasion [149] |
Melanoma | Upregulated [48, 148, 150] |
GEP100-ARF6 [46] Ca2+-Calpain [167] AKT [48] Ca2+, CDC42 [172] PKC-STAT3 [173] |
β-Catenin [46] Filamin A [167] VEGF, IL-6, MMP2 [172] LDH5 [174] |
Invasion, migration [46, 150, 166, 167] EMT [165] Survival, proliferation [48] Angiogenesis [172] Immune evasion [173] Metabolic reprogramming [174] |
Gastric | Upregulated [157] |
FAK, Rac1 [157] PI3K-AKT [57] JNK, PKC [159] |
Paxillin [157] Actin [57] Laminin γ2 [159] |
Tumor inflammation [160] |
NSCLC | Upregulated [161, 162] | PKC-AKT [164] | BCL-2 [164] | Survival [164] |
Acute ATL | Upregulated [151] | ? | RANK [151] | Osteolytic lesions [151] |
Colorectala | Upregulated [184] | ? | ? | Invasion [184] |
Thyroidc | Upregulated [143]c | Ca2+-CaMKII [143] | β-Catenin [143]c | (Reduced) proliferation, migration [143]c |
Breast | Downregulated [141, 142] | CDC42 [189] |
β-Catenin [188] MMP9 [189] |
Tumor growth [185] |
Colorectalb | Downregulated [144] | ? | β-Catenin [179] | Proliferation, migration [144, 179, 183] |
AML/ALL | Downregulated [145] | ? | ? | B cell proliferation [145] |
ESCC | Downregulated [156] | ? | β-Catenin [156] | Proliferation, migration [156] |
? unknown
aEarly recurrence or metastatic
bLymph-node negative or Dukes’ B
cDespite overexpression, WNT-5A is suggested to function as tumor suppressor in thyroid carcinoma, reduces β-catenin activity and proliferation and migration