Table 3.

Possible MRD-directed actions.

Response evaluation	Trial	Result	p
Treatment intensification, chemotherapy	MRC AML 18	Pending
Treatment intensification, allogeneic transplant	Zhu et al. [2013]	OS 72% in transplanted high-risk patients OS 27% in nontransplanted high-risk patients	0.007
Treatment de-escalation	Zhu et al. [2013]	OS 76% in transplanted low-risk patients OS 100% in nontransplanted low-risk patients	0.013
Molecular relapse	Trial	Result
Wait and watch	AML17+ AML19	Pending
Initiation of donor search	AML17+ AML19	Pending
Demethylating agent	Sockel et al. [2011]	7/10 response 3/10 reentered CR
	Platzbecker et al. [2012]	10/20 reentered CR 4/20 long term survivors
Leukaemia aberration specific treatment	Boissel et al. [2011]	1/8 long-term survivors
Discontinuation of immunosuppression	Doubek et al. [2009]	1/3 long-term survivor
Donor lymphocyte infusion	Doubek et al. [2009]	3/3 response 1/3 long-term survivor
	Pozzi et al. [2013]	OS 44% 17 DLI-treated patients versus 14% 21 non-DLI-treated patients	0.004
Reduced dose standard chemotherapy	Doubek et al. [2009]	3/15 response No long-term survivors
Standard chemotherapy	AML17+ AML19	Pending
Direct allogeneic transplantation	none

AML, acute myeloid leukaemia; CR, complete response; MRC, Medical Research Council; MRD, minimal residual disease; OS, overall survival.