Table 1.
Baseline and progress on the Anastrepha fraterculus complex.
| Method | Knowledge at CRP start and gaps identified | Progress in addressing gaps identified | Output References |
|---|---|---|---|
| DNA Analysis | Only three gene regions studied for representatives of Anastrepha fraterculus s.l. populations (COI, 16S, and period genes). Other molecular markers have not been applied. There are no data for several of the morphotypes and the total number of specimens analysed so far is small. Microsatellite data are not yet available. | Extensive sampling from more than 70 populations from ten Latin American countries. COI data showed Colombian populations to be related to each other; Brazilian populations clustered in three clades, one of which included the population from Argentina. Mexico formed a separate clade. Ribosomal ITS 1 studies performed on populations from Andean, Brazilian and Mesoamerican regions. For the Andean region a total of 6 ITS 1 sequence variants in 4 groups were identified. Several microsatellite loci isolated and validated as markers in populations pertaining to at least three different morphotypes. | Ludeña et al. 2011, Lanzavecchia et al. 2014, Manni et al. 2015 this issue, Sutton et al. 2015 this issue, Lima 2015, Canal et al. (unpubl.), Lima et al. (unpubl.) |
| Cytology | Karyotypes described for Brazilian 1, 2, 3, Mexican and Peruvian morphotypes. No karyotype available for Andean, Ecuadorian and Venezuelan morphotypes. No polytene chromosome banding patterns described. | Karyotypes were described for the Andean and Ecuadorian morphotypes and completed for the Mexican karyotype. New detailed photographic polytene chromosome maps of Brazil 1 morphotype constructed; these maps can be the reference for comparative polytene chromosome analysis among different morphotypes). | Canal et al. (unpubl.); Giardini, Gariou-Papalexiou et al. (unpubl.) |
| Morphology | At least three morphotypes recognized (Andean, Brazilian 1 and Mexican) based on discriminant function analysis of aculeus, wing and mesonotum. Indications of four additional morphotypes. Egg morphology only described for three Brazilian morphotypes. None of the larval stages have been thoroughly described and compared among morphotypes. | Morphometric analysis involving 8 populations from Ecuador, 11 from Colombia and 23 from Brazil. Description of seven adult morphotypes using a multivariate approach published. A new 8th morphotype was recognized from Ecuador. Linear and geometric morphometric analysis of mouthparts of third instar larvae from five morphotypes (Andean, Brazilian 1, Ecuadorian, Mexican and Peruvian) allowed discrimination among morphotypes. SEM observations on third instar larvae of Brazilian 1, Mexican, and Peruvian morphotypes. Egg morphology of several Anastrepha species from the fraterculus group described. | Dutra et al. 2011, 2012, Hernández-Ortiz et al. 2012, this issue, Perre et al. 2014, Canal et al. 2015 this issue |
| Sexual Behaviour | Male courtship and female responses within and among morphotypes only partially known. Mating behaviour described for only 3 morphotypes, with very different mating times during day in field cage trials and segregated leks. Pre-zygotic isolation detected among some populations, but mating compatibility not evaluated among all morphotypes. Pre-zygotic isolation factors largely unknown. | High levels of sexual isolation among Andean, Brazilian 1, Mexican and Peruvian morphotypes; the Andean mated at dusk, the Brazilian 1 and Mexican early in the morning, and the Peruvian around midday. Populations from southern Brazil and Argentina compatible, while southern, southeastern and northeastern Brazilian populations partially or completely incompatible among each other. Detailed behavioural analysis including calling and sound analysis showed corresponding differences between these populations. Hybrids presented an intermediate calling behaviour. Remating propensity and duration of the refractory period independent of male origin. Tendency for Peruvian females mated with Brazil 1 males not to allow sperm transfer. | Dias 2012, Rull et al. 2012, 2013, Abraham et al. 2014, Cladera et al. 2014, Devescovi et al. 2014, Dias et al. in press, Juárez et al. 2015 this issue, Vaníčková et al. 2015d this issue |
| Post-zygotic compatibility | Crosses between populations from Peru and Argentina and Brazil 1 and Brazil 2 resulted in reduced egg hatch, larval viability and distorted sex ratio. Wolbachia presence was confirmed for some populations, but its role in post-zygotic incompatibility not determined. | Compatibility among one population from Argentina and two from Brazil demonstrated, as well as among six Colombian ones. Cross-mating among Brazilian 1, Brazilian 3, Colombian, Mexican and Peruvian morphotypes resulted in no or unviable eggs, or with significantly lower hatch rate and sex ratio distortion than those laid by females mated with homotypic males. The crosses of some F1 x F1 males and females resulted in high fertility levels. Wolbachia studies expanded to additional populations. | Rull et al. 2012, 2013, Devescovi et al. 2014, Lima et al. (unpubl.) |
| Pheromone Components | Chromatograms of male borne volatiles for two morphotypes (Brazilian 1, Peruvian) and their hybrids available. The function of identified chemicals either alone or combined in eliciting attraction of conspecific females unknown. | The male borne volatiles from Andean, Brazilian 1 and Brazilian 3 morphotypes were characterized. Gas chromatography – electroantenography (GC-EAD) of females from Andean, Brazilian 1, Brazilian 3 and Peruvian morphotypes showed some similarities but also specificities among morphotypes in the antennal active compounds. | Břízová 2011, Vaníčková 2012, Břízová et al. 2013, Zykova 2013, Vaničkova et al. 2015a this issue, Kalinova (unpubl.) |
| Cuticular hydrocarbons | Cuticular hydrocarbon composition known only from one Argentine and one southern Brazil population. | Cuticular hydrocarbons from males and females from various populations of Andean, Brazilian 1, Brazilian 3, Mexican and Peruvian morphotypes were characterised, showing significant differences. | Vaníčková 2012, Vaničkova et al. 2012, Vaničkova et al. 2015a,c this issue |
| Distribution | Anastrepha fraterculus s.l. is widely distributed from southern Texas to northern Argentina, but the detailed distributions of morphotypes largely unknown. Also elevational transects in Andean countries lacking and needed to determine limits of highland and lowland morphotypes. | Mexican morphotype extends from Mexico to Central America; Venezuelan morphotype occurs only in the Caribbean lowlands of Venezuela; Andean morphotype in the Venezuelan and Colombian highlands (above 900 m elevation); the Peruvian morphotype in coastal areas of Ecuador and Peru, the Ecuadorian morphotype in the inter Andean Valleys in Ecuador and the southeastern Andean Valleys in Peru; Brazilian 3 morphotype in the northeastern coastal and southeastern regions from Brazil; Brazilian 1 morphotype in Argentina and southern Brazil. | Zucchi et al. 2011, Hernández-Ortiz et al. 2012, Perre et al. 2014, Hernández-Ortiz et al. 2015 this issue |
| Host Range | Host lists for Anastrepha fraterculus s.l. have been published for several countries, but these have not been associated with the various morphotypes. Host ranges for most morphotypes are largely unknown. | In areas with only one morphotype (Argentina, Mexico and Central America, highland Colombia-Venezuela), host ranges are being updated based on existing records. A host list was established for Colombia and new host plant information obtained in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. The host list for Brazilian morphotypes was updated to 110 hosts. | Castañeda et al. 2010, Zucchi 2015 |