Table 4.

Baseline and progress on Zeugodacus cucurbitae.

Method	Knowledge at CRP start and gaps identified	Progress in addressing gaps identified	References
DNA Analysis	General information on phylogeography / population genetics available on a worldwide basis. Also information available on population genetics with regard to the African mainland and La Réunion. More data on potential host races needed, both within Cucurbitaceae (cultivated versus wild) and cucurbits versus non-cucurbits.	Detailed DNA studies on population genetics in La Réunion, and to a lesser extent in Tanzania, have shown that there is no relation between genetic structure and host plants. The same observation was made from extensive sampling of potential hosts (including non-cucurbits) in Thailand. Mitochondrial variation in Zeugodacus cucurbitae populations from Hawaii were studied and little variation detected. Population sampling for African continent increased to retrace the invasion routes and invasion history within and towards/from Africa. The results show that there is a single recent (20th century) invasion event and that the western African populations are the result of a subsequent invasion from eastern Africa.	De Meyer et al. 2015b this issue, Jacquard et al. 2013, Clarke et al. (unpubl.), Delatte et al. 2015 (in press)
Cytology	Work has been carried out on two Zeugodacus cucurbitae populations regarding karyotyping and polytene maps.	No cytogenetic differences found between two populations of Zeugodacus cucurbitae (genetic sexing strain Hawaii and Bangladesh wild type). Karyotyping reveals that Zeugodacus cucurbitae is significantly different from other Bactrocera (i.e. position of subgenus Zeugodacus in relation to Bactrocera and Dacus).	Zacharopoulou et al. 2011b, 2013
Morphology	Zeugodacus cucurbitae can be morphologically differentiated from other species within the subgenus. Some populations appear to indicate very closely related species.	No other valid taxa have been identified that could cause possible confusion with Zeugodacus cucurbitae. Also no differences identified among populations. Therefore no need for further studies. Subgenus Zeugodacus erected to genus level.	De Meyer et al. 2015b this issue, Virgilio et al. 2015
Sexual Behaviour	Good knowledge of mating behaviour through studies in Japan, Hawaii and recently in Austria.	Compatibility studies under semi-natural conditions investigating cross-mating among three populations from Hawaii, Mauritius and Seychelles. No sexual isolation was discovered.	Sookar et al. 2013
Host Range	Well documented as a whole, although possibility of host races and different host range reported in different parts of distribution range	Reared from 17 plant species comprising 10 families covering Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, Anacardiaceae, Rutaceae and Myrtaceae. Host ranges were studied in relation to genetic structure. Populations of Zeugodacus cucurbitae vary in their preference to host plants. A tomato population exclusively preferred tomato compared to the other host plants.	Mwatawala et al. 2010, 2015b
Cuticular hydrocarbons	No studies yet specifically with regard to Zeugodacus cucurbitae cuticular hydrocarbons have been conducted	The composition of the cuticle of virgin males and females – ages 5, 15, 20, 30 after emergence – was analysed by GCxGCMS. The preliminary data demonstrate sex- and age-specific differences.	Vaníčková (unpubl.)