Table 3.
Causes of death (%) in dialysis patients, 1994–2012⁎
| 1994–1996 | 1998 | 2001 | 2003 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac | 27.4 | 27.4 | 26.9 | 31.7 | 30.7 | 33.7 | 31.7 | 35.1 | 29.5 | 31.1 | 32.7 | 33.9 |
| Myocardial infarction | 6.4 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 8 | 9.1 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 6.6 | 6.8 |
| Cardiac arrest, uremia associated | 13.7 | 13.7 | 11.2 | 11.7 | 10.4 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 11 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 11.0 | 11.1 |
| Cardiac arrest, other causes | 7.2 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 13.5 | 13.3 | 14.4 | 13 | 14.2 | 15.0 | 16.0 |
| Vascular | 17.2 | 17.2 | 22.7 | 19.5 | 17 | 16.5 | 17.8 | 16 | 15.9 | 13.3 | 14.1 | 13.0 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 14.3 | 14.3 | 15.1 | 14.5 | 12.3 | 11.5 | 13 | 12.2 | 11 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 7.9 |
| Pulmonary embolus | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
| Gastrointestinal embolism | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
| Other vascular diseases | 0.9 | 0.9 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 1.9 |
| Infection | 13.5 | 13.5 | 17.8 | 20.5 | 20.1 | 18.8 | 20.2 | 19.5 | 21.9 | 22.6 | 23.1 | 24.5 |
| Pulmonary infection | 2.5 | 2.5 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 10.8 |
| Septicemia | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 8.9 | 11.7 | 9 | 10.4 | 10.7 | 9.7 | 8.9 |
| Tuberculosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
| Peritonitis | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 2 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Other infections | 2 | 2 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 4 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 3.0 |
| Liver disease | 3.4 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 2.8 |
| Liver failure due to hepatitis B | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 |
| Liver failure due to other cause | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
| Social | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 4.4 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.2 |
| Patient refused further treatment | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
| Suicide | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| Therapy ceased for other reasons | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1 | 1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.3 |
| Miscellaneous | 32 | 32 | 23.7 | 21.3 | 24 | 24.2 | 24.8 | 24.3 | 27.1 | 27.3 | 24.7 | 23.6 |
| Cachexia | 2.9 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 6.6 | 4 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.1 |
| Malignant diseases | 2.1 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.7 |
| Accident | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
| Uncertain | 25.8 | 25.8 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 12.3 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 14.9 | 16.8 | 18 | 14.5 | 13.3 |
⁎
Number of patients: 1994–1996, 981; 1998, 911; 2001, 761; 2003, 894; 2005, 1,256; 2006, 1,248; 2007, 1,531; 2008, 1,563; 2009, 1,727; 2010, 1,802; 2011, 1,828; 2012, 1,745.