Table 2.
Biological characteristics of introduced Pheidole species arranged by species name. Sizes (head width measured in mm) are the same as the observed values reported in the species accounts. Invasiveness codes refer to Blackburn et al. (2011). Asterisks indicate name used in reference is considered here to be either a junior synonym or misapplication. References listed: (1) Birkemoe and Aak 2008, (2) Longino and Cox 2009, (3) Naves 1985, (4) Wilson 2003, (5) Morrison 1996, (6) Passera 1994, (7) Reimer 1994, (8) Martínez 1996, (9) Chen et al. 2011, (10) Wilson and Taylor 1967, (11) Boer and Vierbergen 2008, (12) Sarnat and Economo 2012, (13) Longino 2014, (14) Martínez 1992, (15) Fischer and Fisher 2013, (16) Hölldobler and Wilson 1990, (17) Hoffmann 1998, (18) Delabie et al. 1995, (19) Yamamoto et al. 2009, (20) Yamawo et al. 2012, (21) King and Tschinkel 2007, (22) Storz and Tschinkel 2004, (23) Man and Lee 2012, (24) Green and Gunawardana 2006, (25) Berry et al. 1997, (26) Harris et al. 2005, (27) Wilson 1987, (28) Terayama et al., (29) Yamane et al.
| Species | Size of major (HW) | Size of minor (HW) | Gyny | Colony structure | Colony foundation | Colony size | Indoor pest | Forages on or nests in vegetation | Invasiveness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pheidole anastasii | 0.83–1.05 | 0.38–0.50 | monogynous [1] | polydomous [2] | – | – | yes [1, 2] | yes [2] | C0 |
| Pheidole bilimeki | 0.75–1.04 | 0.42–0.52 | monogynous [1, 3*, 4*] | polydomous [4*] | dependent [3*] | 600–4000 [3*, 4*, 27*] | yes [1, 2] | yes [2] | C0 |
| Pheidole fervens | 1.13–1.44 | 0.52–0.63 | polygynous [5-7] | polydomous, unicolonial [7, 8] | – | ca. 1000 [9] | yes [10, 11] | yes [12] | D2 |
| Pheidole flavens | 0.68–0.83 | 0.34–0.45 | – | – | – | 2000+[4] | no | yes [13] | D2 |
| Pheidole indica | 1.32–1.74 | 0.50–0.65 | polygynous [28] | polydomous [14] | dependent [14] | 500–1000 | no | yes [15] | D2 |
| Pheidole megacephala | 1.10–1.54 | 0.50–0.61 | polygynous [16] | unicolonial [17] | dependent [17] | 10,000+ (?) | yes | yes [11, 18] | E |
| Pheidole navigans | 0.84–0.88 | 0.40–0.45 | monogynous | monodomous [3*] | dependent [3*] | 600+[3*] | no | – | D2 |
| Pheidole noda | 1.58–1.82 | 0.57–0.66 | polygynous (?)[19, 28] | – | dependent (?)[19] | 3000 [28] | no | yes [20] | D2 |
| Pheidole obscurithorax | 1.47–1.70 | 0.60–0.67 | monogynous [21] | monodomous [21, 22] | – | ~10,000 [21] | no | – | D2 |
| Pheidole parva | 0.85–0.92 | 0.39–0.50 | – | – | – | – | yes [23] | yes [15] | D2 |
| Pheidole proxima | 0.95–1.05 | 0.46 | – | monodomous [24] | – | – | yes [25] | – | D2 |
| Pheidole punctatissima | 0.86–1.06 | 0.44–0.50 | – | – | – | – | yes [2] | yes [2] | C0 |
| Pheidole rugosula | 0.88 | 0.45 | – | – | – | – | yes [25, 26] | yes [25] | D2 |
| Pheidole vigilans | 1.30 | 0.55 | – | – | – | – | yes [25] | – | D2 |