Table 1.

Changes in gait parameters pre- and post-surgery. For each study participants’ Information, diagnosis, and treatment are provided. See Table 2 for parameter definitions and measurement methods.

Reference	Subject	Surgery	Age mean (SD or range)	Significantly altered gait parameters based on effect size (ES)
Adachi [15]	Stenosis: n=33	Laminoplasty	Stenosis: 68.8 (45–83)	Pre vs one-year post (intermittent claudication): Increase in intermittent claudication score
Deen [16]	Stenosis: n=50	Decompression	Stenosis: 72	Pre vs three-month post (walking endurance): Reduction in walking time to first pain symptoms at preferred speed (ES=2.50), and at 0.54 m/sec (ES=2.34), walking time to severe pain symptoms at preferred speed (ES=1.50), and at 0.54 m/sec (ES=1.37)
Engsberg [17]	Scoliosis: n=20 Healthy: n=9	Fusion	Scoliosis: 49 (10) Healthy: 45 (9)	Two-year post vs healthy (body motion and walking endurance): Reduction in shoulder coronal orientation with respect to pelvis (ES=2.85), increase in shoulder sagittal orientation with respect to pelvis (ES=1.81). No change in walking endurance, hip and knee motion, or vertical alignment.
Gottipati [26]	Stenosis: n=12	Reconstructive	Stenosis: 59.6 (8.4)	Pre vs six-month post (spatio-temporal and body motion): Reduction in standing alignment (ES=1.77), walking alignment (ES=1.68), mid-terminal knee stance knee flexion (ES=2.12), increase in gait speed (ES=0.59), stride length (ES=0.96), step width (ES=0.30), and no change in cadence
Hasday [18]	Fracture: n=6	Rod removal	Fracture: 28.0 (6.7)	Pre vs immediate post (spatio-temporal parameters): Increase in walking speed and stride length; reduction in cadence
Hopf [19]	Scoliosis: n=23 Health: n=8	Fusion	Scoliosis: 10.4 (11.3–29.3) Healthy: 10.7 (14–34)	Pre vs four-week post (electromyography): Reduction in asymmetry in lumbar muscles of the convex side of double major scolioses, the glutaeus medius and tensor fascia lata muscles of the concave side of thoracic curvatures. No change in lower extremity muscles.
Khodadadeh [20]	Scoliosis: n=30 Healthy: n=20	Fusion	Scoliosis: 47 Healthy: 40	Pre vs six-month and two-year post (spatio-temporal parameters): Increase in speed (ES=0.63) only in two-year. No change in cadence and step length.
Lenke [21]	Scoliosis: n=30	Fusion	Scoliosis: 14 (12–18)	Pre vs one-year and two-year post (spatio-temporal parameters and body motion): Reduction in speed (ES=0.63) and cadence (ES=0.70) in one-year and two-year. Reduction in stride length (ES=0.35) in two-year, reduction in stride width (ES=0.32) in one-year. No change in knee or ankle angle at heel contact time.
Mahaudens [22]	Scoliosis: n=19	Fusion	Scoliosis: 15.0 (1.4)	Pre vs one-year post (spatio-temporal parameters, body motion, electromyography, and walking efficiency): Increase in step length (ES=0.75), and reduction in cadence (ES=0.60). Increase in range of hip motion (ES=0.83), and reduction in range of shoulder motion (ES=0.79). Increase in external work (ES=1.18) and muscle efficiency (ES=0.83). No change in walking speed, stance phase, knee and ankle range of motion, duration of muscle activity of lower extremity and postural muscles.
Papdakis [23]	Scoliosis: n=12	Decompression	Scoliosis: 50 (14)	Pre vs six-month and one-year post (gait variability): Reduction in differences of gait patterns between gait cycles in one-year (ES=1.08) and two-year (ES=1.45).
Paul [27]	Scoliosis: n=16	Fusion	Scoliosis: 14.4 (3.8)	Pre vs one-year post (spatio-temporal parameters and body motion): Reduction in center of mass excursion during walking (ES=1.15), reduction in inclination angle (ES=0.57). No change in gait speed.
Shiomi [24]	Scoliosis: n=68 Healthy: n=168	Fusion	Scoliosis: 14.9 (12–24) Healthy: 14.3 (9–21)	Pre vs immediate post (spatio-temporal parameters): Increase in step width (ES=0.60). No change in walking speed, step length, and cadence.
Suda [25]	Stenosis: n=35 Healthy: n=50	Decompression	Scoliosis: 63.7 Healthy: 64.4	Immediate post vs pre (spatio-temporal parameters and walking patterns): Increase in walking speed (ES=0.90), stride length (ES=0.74), cadence (ES=0.70). Reduction in walking symmetry, reappearance, smoothness, sway, rhythm, impact (ES>0.99). No change in step width.