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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 21.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Biol. 2015 Aug 27;25(18):2361–2372. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.068

Figure 1. Ectopic expression of effector protein AvrPto or AvrPtoB impairs stomatal patterning.

Figure 1

(A) Dex-induced expression of AvrPto or AvrPtoB but not AvrRpt2 or AvrRpm1 in Arabidopsis transgenic plants leads to severe stomatal clustering phenotypes. (B) Expression of YDAac rescues the AvrPto-induced stomatal patterning defects. Confocal images were taken on the abaxial cotyledon epidermis of 10-day-old seedlings grown on ½ MS medium with (A and B, bottom panels) or without (A and B, top panels) 100 μM Dex. Cell outlines were visualized with propidium iodide staining. The representative images in A and B were selected from at least five replicates. (C) Expression of AvrPto does not affect YDAac-mediated activation of MPK3 and MPK6 in Arabidopsis protoplasts. The HA-tagged MPK3/MPK6 and FLAG-tagged YDAac were co-expressed with or without AvrPto in protoplasts. The MPK3/MPK6 proteins were immunoprecipitated with α-HA agarose beads for an in vitro kinase assay using myelin basic protein as the substrate. The phosphorylation of myelin basic protein by MPK3/MPK6 is shown with autoradiograph (top panel), and the protein expression is shown with immunoblotting (bottom three panels). The experiments were repeated three times with similar results. (see also Figure S1).