Table 2.
Adjuvants in development for human vaccines
| Adjuvant | Formulation | In preclinical or clinical trials |
|---|---|---|
| Montanides | Water‐in‐oil emulsions | Malaria (phase I), HIV, cancer (phase I/II) |
| Saponins (QS‐21) | Aqueous | Cancer (phase II), herpes (phase I), HIV (phase I) |
| SAF | Oil‐in‐water emulsion containing squalene, Tween‐80, Pluronic™ L121 | HIV (phase I, Chiron) |
| AS03 | Oil‐in‐water emulsion containing α‐tocopherol, squalene, Tween‐80 | Pandemic flu (GSK) |
| MTP‐PtdEtn | Oil‐in‐water emulsion | HSV |
| Exotoxins | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | P. aeruginosa, cystic fibrosis (AERUGEN – Crucell/Berna) |
| Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin LT | ETEC (phase II – Iomai Corp.) | |
| ISCOMs | Phospholipids, cholesterol, QS‐21 | Influenza, HSV, HIV, HBV, malaria, cancer |
| TLR ligands | ||
| MPL®‐SE | Oil‐in‐water emulsion | Leishmania (phase I/II – IDRI) |
| Synthetic lipid A | Oil‐in‐water emulsion | Various indications (Avanti/IDRI) |
| MPL®‐AF | Aqueous | Allergy (ATL), cancer (Biomira) |
| AS01 | Liposomal | HIV (phase I), malaria (ASO1, phase III, GSK) |
| Cancer (phase II/III, Biomira/MerckKGaA) | ||
| AS02 | Oil‐in‐water emulsion containing MPL® and QS‐21 | HPV (Cervarix), HIV, tuberculosis, malaria (phase III), herpes (GSK) |
| AS04 | Alum + aqueous MPL® | HPV, HAV (GSK) |
| AS15 | AS01+ CpG | Cancer therapy (GSK) |
| RC529 | Aqueous | HBV, pneumovax |
| Cancer (ProMune – Coley/Pfizer) | ||
| Lipopeptide MALP‐2 (TLR2) | n/a | Pancreatic cancer |
| CpG‐ODN (TLR9) | n/a | HIV, HBV, HSV, anthrax (VaxImmune Coley/GSK/Chiron) |
| HBV (HEPLISAV, phase III, Dynavax) | ||
| Cancer (phase II, Dynavax) | ||
| Poly(I:C)LC (TLR3) | n/a | Cancer (IMOxine, phase I, Hybridon Inc.) |
| (YpG, CpR motif) | Cancer (IMO‐2055, phase II, Idera Pharm.) | |
| HIV (Remune, phase I, Idera/IMNR) | ||
| TLR‐9 agonist (MIDGE®) | n/a | Cancer (phase I, Mologen AG) |
| TLR‐7/8 (Imiquimod) | n/a | Melanoma (3M Pharmaceuticals) |
| HIV (preclinical), leishmaniasis | ||
| TLR‐7/8 (Resiquimod) | n/a | HSV, HCV (phase II, 3M Pharmaceuticals) |
CpG‐ODN, CpG oligodeoxy nucleotide; ETEC, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; GSK, GlaxoSmithKline; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HPV, human papillomavirus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IDRI, Infectious Disease Research Institute; LT, lipoteichoic acid; n/a, not applicable; polyI:C, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid; TLR, Toll‐like receptor.