Patient selection schema. *Non-small cell histology was identified through International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3 rd version (ICD-O-3) histology codes: 8010–8040, 8050 – 8076, 8140, 8143, 8211, 8230–8231, 8246, 8250 – 8260, 8310, 8320, 8323, 8430, 8470 – 8490, 8550 – 8573, 8980, 8981. †Cancer-directed surgery was identified through site-specific surgical codes (21, 22, 30 – 70), including sub-lobectomy, lobectomy, bi-lobectomy, and pneumonectomy.