Table 1. Weighted Sample Characteristics, Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Young Adults Aged 18 to 30 Years, by Smoking Status, 2011–2012 California Health Interview Survey.
| Characteristic | Total Sample |
Current Smoker |
Nonsmokera
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (Unweighted) | % (95% CI) | n (Unweighted) | % (95% CI) | n (Unweighted) | % (95% CI) | P b | |
| Total sample | 1,511 | 100.0 | 299 | 20.5 (17.4−23.7) | 1,212 | 79.5 (76.3−82.6) | — |
| Age, y | |||||||
| 18–25 | 1,070 | 70.2 (67.0−73.4) | 192 | 64.3 (56.5–72.1) | 878 | 71.7 (68.0–75.4) | .09 |
| 26–30 | 441 | 29.8 (26.7−33.0) | 107 | 35.7 (27.9–43.5) | 334 | 28.3 (24.7–32.0) | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 709 | 52.3 (48.8–55.8) | 174 | 65.9 (48.8–73.1) | 535 | 48.8 (44.7–52.9) | <.001 |
| Female | 802 | 47.7 (44.2–51.2) | 125 | 34.1 (29.9–41.2) | 677 | 51.2 (47.1–55.3) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| African American | 77 | 5.2 (3.8–6.6) | 16 | 5.1 (1.6–8.5) | 61 | 5.3 (3.7–6.8) | <.001 |
| Asian American | 117 | 8.7 (6.4–11.0) | 10 | 5.0 (0.0–10.9) | 107 | 9.7 (7.2–12.2) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 938 | 66.4 (63.2–69.5) | 138 | 51.9 (43.9–60.0) | 800 | 70.1 (66.6–73.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 330 | 17.5 (14.6–20.4) | 114 | 33.4 (25.1–41.6) | 216 | 13.4 (10.7–16.0) | |
| Other | 49 | 2.2 (1.0–3.4) | 21 | 4.7 (0.1–9.2) | 28 | 1.6 (0.7–2.5) | |
| Nativity and English proficiency | |||||||
| US-born | 1,007 | 67.1 (63.9−70.4) | 236 | 76.3 (68.7–84.0) | 771 | 64.7 (61.0–68.5) | .03 |
| Foreign-born withEnglish proficiency | 219 | 12.3 (10.2−14.5) | 28 | 9.25 (4.6–13.9) | 191 | 13.1 (10.7–15.5) | |
| Foreign-born with limited English proficiency | 285 | 20.6 (17.9−23.3) | 35 | 14.4 (8.5–20.4) | 250 | 22.2 (19.1–25.2) | |
| Highest educational level | |||||||
| Grade 8 or less | 133 | 10.8 (8.7−12.8) | 14 | 5.2 (1.4–9.0) | 119 | 12.2 (9.7–14.7) | .002 |
| Grade 9–11 | 267 | 21.6 (18.2−25.0) | 69 | 32.3 (23.1–41.6) | 198 | 18.8 (15.2–22.4) | |
| Grade 12 or equivalent | 1,111 | 67.6 (64.4−70.8) | 216 | 62.5 (53.4–71.6) | 895 | 68.9 (65.3–72.6) | |
| Poverty, % federal poverty level | |||||||
| 0–99 | 879 | 55.8 (52.4−59.2) | 183 | 56.5 (48.2–64.8) | 696 | 55.6 (51.6–59.6) | .85 |
| 100–199 | 632 | 44.2 (40.8−47.7) | 116 | 43.5 (35.2–51.8) | 516 | 44.4 (40.4–48.4) | |
| Have usual source of health care | |||||||
| Yes | 954 | 60.3 (55.9−64.8) | 165 | 51.5 (42.4–60.7) | 789 | 62.6 (47.9–67.3) | .02 |
| No | 557 | 37.7 (34.2−41.3) | 134 | 48.5 (39.3–57.6) | 423 | 37.4 (32.7–42.1) | |
| Alcohol use,c past year | |||||||
| No alcohol use | 630 | 39.9 (36.4−43.4) | 50 | 18.6 (10.5–26.7) | 580 | 45.4 (41.2–49.6) | <.001 |
| Yes, with no binge drinking | 352 | 24.4 (21.2−27.5) | 68 | 28.3 (21.4–35.2) | 284 | 23.3 (19.9–26.8) | |
| Yes, with binge drinking | 529 | 35.7 (32.3−39.2) | 181 | 53.1 (45.1–61.1) | 348 | 31.2 (27.3–35.2) | |
| Psychological distress, past year | |||||||
| None/mild | 905 | 58.0 (54.2−61.7) | 132 | 48.6 (39.4–57.8) | 773 | 60.4 (56.2–64.5) | .01 |
| Moderate | 536 | 37.9 (34.1−41.6) | 135 | 44.2 (35.3–53.1) | 401 | 36.2 (32.2–40.3) | |
| Severe | 70 | 4.2 (2.9−5.4) | 32 | 7.2 (3.8–10.6) | 38 | 3.4 (2.1–4.6) | |
| Food insecurity status, d past year | |||||||
| Food secure | 946 | 60.3 (56.4−64.1) | 151 | 48.1 (39.4–56.8) | 796 | 63.4 (58.9–67.9) | .002 |
| Food insecure | 564 | 39.7 (35.9−43.6) | 148 | 51.9 (43.2–60.6) | 416 | 36.6 (32.1–41.1) | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; —, not applicable.
a
Nonsmokers are former smokers and those who have never smoked regularly.
b
P value derived from Rao-Scott χ2 test.
c
Binge drinking was defined as 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a single day for men or 4 or more alcoholic drinks in a single day for women.
d
The lack of physical and economic access to adequate and appropriate foods needed to live an active and healthy life (7).