Table 2. Logistic Regression Analyses of Smoking Status and Smoking Frequency, in Reference to Nonsmoking (N = 1,511), 2011–2012 California Health Interview Survey.

Characteristic	Model 1: Smoking Statusa — Current Smoker		Model 2: Smoking Frequencyb
			Daily Smoker		Nondaily Smoker
	AOR (95% CI)	P c	AOR (95% CI)	P c	AOR (95% CI)	P c
Age, y
18–25	1 [Reference]
26–30	1.75 (1.16−2.63)	.007	2.61 (1.61−4.21)	<.001	0.97 (0.47−2.01)	.94
Sex
Male	1 [Reference]
Female	0.52 (0.34−0.81)	.003	0.40 (0.23−0.67)	<.001	0.81 (0.49−1.35)	.42
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	1 [Reference]
Hispanic/Latino	0.35 (0.24−0.53)	<.001	0.23 (0.14−0.38)	<.001	0.79 (0.40−1.52)	.50
Other	0.44 (0.20−0.96)	.038	0.56 (0.24−1.34)	.196	0.23 (0.09−0.58)	.002
Nativity and English proficiency
US-born	1 [Reference]
Foreign-born with English proficiency	0.90 (0.42−1.94)	.792	0.57 (0.23−1.41)	.224	1.61 (0.60−4.31)	.34
Foreign-born with limited English proficiency	0.66 (0.32−1.36)	.260	0.25 (0.09−0.74)	.012	1.89 (0.71−4.86)	.21
Highest educational level
Grade 12 or equivalent	1 [Reference]
Grade 8 or less	0.68 (0.27−1.70)	.404	1.37 (0.38−4.92)	.634	0.33 (0.08−1.31)	.12
Grade 9–11	1.83 (0.99−3.40)	.056	2.82 (1.34−5.91)	.006	0.85 (0.38−1.91)	.70
Poverty, % federal poverty level
100–199	1 [Reference]
0–99	1.20 (0.79−1.81)	.395	0.94 (0.57−1.55)	.808	1.62 (0.88−2.98)	.12
Have usual source of health care
Yes	1 [Reference]
No	1.32 (0.85−2.04)	.212	1.37 (0.79−2.39)	.265	1.19 (0.70−2.02)	.53
Alcohol use, d past year
No use	1 [Reference]
Yes, with no binge drinking	2.55 (1.36−4.78)	.004	2.39 (1.09−5.26)	.030	3.15 (1.18−8.38)	.02
Yes, with binge drinking	2.95 (1.61−5.39)	<.001	2.80 (1.32−5.94)	.008	3.41 (1.40−8.30)	.007
Psychological distress, past year
None/mild	1 [Reference]
Moderate	1.40 (0.90−2.16)	.133	1.22 (0.67−2.21)	.517	1.63 (0.96−2.76)	.07
Severe	1.37 (0.58−3.24)	.478	0.85 (0.25−2.99)	.795	2.64 (1.08−6.43)	.03
Food insecurity status, e past year
Food secure	1 [Reference]
Food insecure	1.54 (1.04−2.30)	.032	1.91 (1.67−3.12)	.010	1.02 (0.59−1.74)	.95

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^a Reference group was nonsmokers (former smokers and those who never smoked) (n = 1,212). Model 1 was a multiple logistic regression model examining current smoking (n = 299) as the outcome.

^b Reference group was nonsmokers (n = 1,212). Model 2 was a multinomial logistic regression model with outcome in 3 categories: daily smoker (n = 174), nondaily smoker (n = 125), and nonsmoker (n = 1,212).

^c P value derived from Rao-Scott χ² test.

^d Binge drinking was defined as 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a single day for men or 4 or more alcoholic drinks in a single day for women.

^e The lack of physical and economic access to adequate and appropriate foods needed to live an active and healthy life (7).