Table 1.
Demographics and baseline data of patients
| Analogue insulin group AI (n = 61) | Human insulin group HI (n = 48) | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Years | 60.4 ± 9.5 | 63.1 ± 10.6 | 0.159 |
| Sex male | n (%) | 46 (75) | 31 (65) | 0.218 |
| BMI | kg/m2 | 32 ± 5 | 32 ± 6 | 0.709 |
| Duration of diabetes | Years | 10 {5–15} | 9.5 {5–14} | 0.580 |
| Insulin dose MDI | IE/d | 56 {37–83} | 50 {36–70} | 0.485 |
| Metformin | n (%) | 13 (21) | 16 (33) | 0.159 |
| Hypertension | n (%) | 58 (95) | 42 (88) | 0.153 |
| Smoking | n (%) | 17 (28) | 15 (31) | 0.700 |
| Myocardial infarction | n (%) | 14 (23) | 8 (17) | 0.417 |
| Betablocker | n (%) | 23 (38) | 18 (38) | 0.983 |
| ACE-inhibitor | n (%) | 37 (60) | 33 (69) | 0.224 |
| Calcium channel blocker | n (%) | 9 (15) | 10 (21) | 0.406 |
| AT1 blocker | n (%) | 15 (25) | 8 (17) | 0.314 |
| Diuretics | n (%) | 23 (38) | 20 (42) | 0.674 |
| Statins | n (%) | 28 (46) | 25 (52) | 0.522 |
| Aspirin | n (%) | 30 (49) | 23 (48) | 0.896 |
| Glucose fasting | mg/dl | 163 ± 54 | 163 ± 45 | 0.962 |
| Glucose pp | mg/dl | 183 ± 69 | 185 ± 50 | 0.870 |
| HbA1c | % | 7.3 ± 1.7 | 7.7 ± 1.8 | 0.237 |
| Intact proinsulina | pmol/l | 5 {2.7–7.6} | 4.8 {3.2–8.2} | 0.515 |
| Triglycerides | mg/dl | 137{102–177} | 117 {94–184} | 0.463 |
| Cholesterol | mg/dl | 187 ± 36 | 188 ± 42 | 0.890 |
| LDL | mg/dl | 114 ± 34 | 113 ± 37 | 0.941 |
| HDL | mg/dl | 46 {38–53} | 48 {39–54} | 0.543 |
| Creatinine | mg/dl | 0.9 {0.8–1.08} | 0.9 {0.7–1.1} | 0.493 |
| ASAT | U/l | 29 {24–40} | 27 {23–39} | 0.862 |
| CRP | mg/dl | 0.28 {0.13–0.5} | 0.3 {0.15–0.58} | 0.552 |
| S’ | cm/s | 7.6 ± 1.1 | 7.6 ± 1 | 0.984 |
| E’ | cm/s | 7.8 ± 1.4 | 8.2 ± 1.7 | 0.168 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter | mm | 44 {42–48} | 44 {41–48} | 0.776 |
| Septal thickness | mm | 12 {11–14} | 12 {11–13} | 0.449 |
| Mitral E/A | 0.9 {0.7–1.1} | 0.9 {0.8–1.1} | 0.651 | |
| E/E’ | mmHg | 8.9 {7.5–10.9} | 8.1 {7.0–9.6} | 0.174 |
| Intima media thickness | mm | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.714 |
| Εlasticity modulus Ɛ | kPa | 140 {113–228} | 165{136–259} | 0.087 |
| Pulse wave velocity | m/s | 7.3 {6.6–9.2} | 8.3 {7.0–9.9} | 0.151 |
| Heart rate | bpm | 71 {63–78} | 69 {64–80} | 0.509 |
| Systolic blood pressure | mmHg | 140 {129–152} | 140{123–150} | 0.712 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | mmHg | 83 ± 12 | 81 ± 9 | 0.321 |
Mean ± SD or median {interquartile range} respectively
pp postmeal, S’ systolic myocardial velocity, E’ early diastolic myocardial velocity, LV left ventricular, E/E' estimated LV filling pressure
aData from representative subgroups (AI = 36 and HI = 31)