Table 2.
Mechanical Properties of Select ECM-Based Biomaterials
| Variety | Tensile Strength | Young’s Modulus | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fibers Woven | Composite of poly(ester urethane) urea (PEUU) and ECM gel (electrospun/sprayed in cylindrical conduits) [25] | 67 PEUU/33 ECM | 80 kPa longitudinal axis, 41 kPa circumferential | |
| 80 PEUU/20 ECM | 187 kPa longitudinal axis, 91 kPa circumferential | |||
| Collagen type 1 (Col-1) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) scaffold (braided fibers 4.5mm diameter)[23] | Col-1/PVA scaffold | 33.63 ± 3.10 MPa | 0.26 ± 0.05 GPa | |
| Regenerated ligament | 29.71 ± 0.96 MPa | 0.25 ± 0.02 GPa | ||
| Native ACL | 37.43 ± 2.13 MPa | 0.01 ± 0 GPa | ||
| Small intestine submuscosa (SIS) powder blended with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), co-electrospun with silk fibroin (SF)[24] | PCL | 13 MPa | 11 MPa | |
| PCL/SF | 13.5 MPa | 12.5 MPa | ||
| PCL/SF/SIS | 14 MPa | 14 MPa | ||
| Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), gelatin, and elastin electrospun fiber mats, (PGE)[72] | 1 PLGA : 2 gelatin : 1 elastin | 16 ±7 kPa | 134 ± 51 kPa | |
| 2 PLGA : 2 gelatin : 1 elastin | 102 ± 26 kPa | 427 ± 41 kPa | ||
| 3 PLGA : 2 gelatin : 1 elastin | 130 ± 7 kPa | 770 ±131 kPa | ||
| Electrospun PCL/collagen nanofiber meshes (tested parallel to fibers)[29] | Random fiber orientation | 4.01 ± 0.29 MPa | 4.33 ±0.57 MPa | |
| Aligned fiber orientation | 4.88 ± 0.18 MPa | 4.43 ± 0.37 MPa | ||
| Layer Method | Poly-L-lactide (PLLA) mesh and collagen[3] | PLLA mesh | 33.8 ± 0.7 MPa warpa, 32.3 ± 0.1 MPa wefta | 212 ± 11 MPa warp, 177 ± 28 MPa weft |
| PLLA-collagen | 5.0 ± 0.4 MPa warp, 4.9 ±0.8 MPa weft | 55 ±12 MPa warp, 43±4 MPa weft | ||
| PLLA-gelatin | 5.8 ± 0.4 MPa warp, 4.7 ± 1.7 MPa weft | 43 ± 5 MPa warp, 41 ± 3 MPa weft | ||
| Collagen sponge | 0.01 ±0.00 MPa | 0.11 ± 0.05 MPa | ||
| Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and bovine pericardium [33] | PPF reinforced pericardium | 14.17 ± 4.59 MPa | 54.00 ± 12.67 MPa | |
| GA-crosslinked pericardium | 11.51 ± 3.42 MPa | 67.87 ± 18.48 MPa | ||
| Untreated pericardium | 12.34 ± 1.49 MPa | 58.79 ± 10.17 MPa | ||
| Poly(L-lactic acid)-co-poly-(e-caprolactone (PLACL) nanofibers and GA-bovine pericardium [39] | PLACL and GA-pericardium | 2.39 ± 0.17 MPa | ||
| PLACL-Gel and GA-pericardium | 1.22 ± 0.17 MPa | |||
| GA-pericardium | 7.04 ± 0.51 MPa | |||
| ECM Polymer Hydrogel | Compressive Modulus | |||
| Carbon nanotube (CNT)-gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels [61] | GelMA, no CNT | 10 kPa | ||
| CNT-GelMA | 32 kPa | |||
| Myocardial Matrix poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels [54] | ECM gel | 5 Pa | ||
| ECM- PEG NHS | 5–30 Pa | |||
| ECM- PEG diacrylate | 5–30 Pa | |||
| ECM- StarPEG acrylate | 719 Pa | |||
| Gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA) polymerized within a PEG framework [54] | GelMA(5%) PEG (5%) | 10.8 kPa | ||
| GelMA (20%) PEG (20%) | 327.7 kPa | |||
| Gelatin (5%) physically mixed with PEG (5%) | 8.2 kPa | |||
| Gelatin (20%) physically mixed with PEG (20%) | 66.3 kPa | |||
a
Textile terms referring to the orientation of the horizontal and vertical woven fibers, the lengthwise fibers that hold tension on a frame is the warp, and the set of fibers that is woven over and under the warp fibers is called the weft.