. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Acad Pediatr. 2015 Oct 9;16(1):82–89. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.013

Table 3.

Mean unadjusted healthcare expenditures (with standard deviations), 12 months post-screening by severity of depressive symptoms

Type of expenditures^a	Screen Negative^b ($) n =3,707	Screen Positive^b ($)			p
Type of expenditures^a	Screen Negative^b ($) n =3,707	Mild Depression n= 186	Moderate-to-Severe Depression n= 95	All n= 281
Outpatient	2,203 (4,531)	2,951 (4,152)	6,067 (7,771)	4,004 (5,818)	< 0.01^c
Inpatient	334 (4,500)	554 (3,592)	2,105 (9,701)	1,079 (6,376)	< 0.01^c
Inpatient Mental Health Care	24 (730)	--^d	--^d	416 (2973)	< 0.01^c
Inpatient Medical Care	310 (4427)	--^d	--^d	663 (4917)	< 0.01^c
Emergency Department	145 (801)	411 (2,182)	1,129 (3,789)	634 (2,843)	< 0.01^c
Pharmacy	280 (1,236)	453 (881)	654 (1,231)	521 (1,015)	< 0.01^c
Diagnostic tests (laboratory and radiology)	108 (476)	163 (229)	257 (437)	195 (317)	< 0.01^c
Total costs	2,357 (7,621)	3,505 (6819)	8,173 (14,887)	5,083 (10,489)	< 0.01^c

All results are expressed as mean (SD) in 2013 US dollars

Probable depression severity was categorized by PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 screening results. A PHQ-2 score < 2 OR a PHQ-2 score ≥ 3 and a PHQ-9 score < 10 represented a probably non-depressed patient, a PHQ-9 score of 10-14 represented a probably mildly depressed patient, and a PHQ-9 score ≥ 15 represented a probable moderately-to-severely depressed patient

Statistically significant difference between depression screen-negative, screen positive for mild MDD, and screen positive for moderate-to severe MDD groups at p = 0.05 level or below