Early cardiac vascularization during S15 (A &B) and S16 (C & D). A, mesenchymal-containing epicardial atrioventricular cushions (E-cus) at the interventricular groove (RV, right ventricle; LV, left ventricle). B, blood islands (BI) are present in the subepicardium, the site of early capillary formation. C, blood islands increase in size. D, a proepicardial villus is attached to the left ventricle near the A-V junction (*). Note that a large portion of the mesothelial-lined villus, which contains mesenchymal cells, is still unattached. Magnification bar = 100 μm.