Fig. 6.

Elevated p-SMAD2/3, CCN2, and periostin in the explants cultured with nifedipine or phenytoin. Immunoreactivity for p-SMAD2/3 (a) and CCN2 (b) in the gingival tissue explants cultured with nifedipine (100 ng/ml), phenytoin (30 μg/ml), or without the drug for 2 weeks. P-SMAD2/3 and CCN2 were detected using peroxidase-conjugate secondary antibody and DAB. c. Immunofluorescence for periostin in the gingival tissue explants cultured with nifedipine (100 ng/ml), phenytoin (30 μg/ml), or without the drug for 2 weeks. Sections were incubated with a primary antibody against FSP-1, which was detected using Cy5-conjugated secondary antibody (red). Nuclei are stained with Hoechst 3342 dye (blue). Yellow dotted line outlines the border between the oral epithelium and the connective tissue. Scale bar, 50 μm