Table 9.

Procedural bleed risk [41, 46, 47]

MINIMAL bleed risk procedures that may not require interruption of anticoagulant therapy	LOW bleeding risk procedures requiring interruption of anticoagulant therapy	HIGH bleeding risk procedures requiring interruption of anticoagulant therapy
Central venous catheter removal Dental procedures  Extraction of 1–2 teeth  Periodontal surgery  Incision of abscess  Implant positioning Endoscopy without surgery Ophthalmology  Cataract or glaucoma intervention Superficial surgery  Abscess incision  Small dermatology excisions	Abdominal hernia repair Abdominal hysterectomy Carpal tunnel repair Cholecystectomy Dental procedures    Extraction of 3 or more teeth Dilatation and curettage Electrophysiological study or radiofrequency catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardia (including left-sided ablation via single transseptal puncture) Endoscopy with biopsy or tissue removal Gastrointestinal endoscopy ± biopsy, enteroscopy, biliary/pancreatic stent without sphincterotomy, endosonography without fine-needle aspiration Hemorrhoidal surgery Hydrocele repair Non-coronary angiography bronchoscopy ± biopsy Ophthalmology    Non-cataract eye surgery Prostate or bladder biopsy Shoulder/foot/hand surgery and arthroscopy	Any major surgery (procedure duration >45 min) Abdominal and gastrointestinal surgeries    Bowel resection Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair Breast cancer surgery Cardiac surgeries    Coronary artery bypass    Heart valve replacement Cardiac procedures    Complex left-sided ablation (pulmonary vein isolation; VT ablation)    Implantation of a pacemaker, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator Endoscopically guided fine-needle aspiration Head or neck surgery Hepatic surgeries and procedures including liver biopsy Major orthopedic surgery    Joint replacement/arthoplasty    Prosthetic revision Miscellaneous surgeries and procedures    Biliary sphincterectomy    PEG placement    Pneumatic dilatation    Polypectomy    Variceal treatment Neurosurgeries Plastic surgery    Major reconstructive surgery Spinal surgeries or procedures    Spinal or epidural anaesthesia    Laminectomy    Lumbar diagnostic puncture Splenic surgeries or procedures Thoracic surgery Urologic surgeries or procedures    Kidney biopsy    Bladder resection    Nephrectomy    Transurethral prostate resection    Urologic cancer surgery or tumor ablation Vascular and general surgeries