Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of N = 941 pregnant and postpartum adult women enrolled in a prospective observational cohort study in Botswana, 2010–2012 overall and according to knowledge of HIV status prior to becoming pregnant
| Maternal knowledge of HIV serostatus prior to becoming pregnant | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic (total n with data) | Total (N = 941) | Knew she was HIV-infected (N = 288)a | Knew she was HIV-uninfected (N = 446)a | Did not know her HIV status (N = 207) | P* |
| Demographics | |||||
| Location (n = 941) | 0.16 | ||||
| Mochudi | 394 (42 %) | 117 (41 %) | 200 (45 %) | 77 (37 %) | |
| Gaborone | 547 (58 %) | 171 (59 %) | 246 (55 %) | 130 (63 %) | |
| Age, in years (n = 941) | <0.0001 | ||||
| 18 to 24 years | 319 (34 %) | 46 (16 %) | 169 (38 %) | 104 (50 %) | |
| 25 to 29 years | 261 (28 %) | 69 (24 %) | 143 (32 %) | 49 (24 %) | |
| 30 to 34 years | 216 (23 %) | 98 (34 %) | 87 (20 %) | 31 (15 %) | |
| 25 to 39 years | 105 (11 %) | 56 (19 %) | 33 (7 %) | 16 (8 %) | |
| 40 years and older | 40 (4 %) | 19 (7 %) | 14 (3 %) | 7 (3 %) | |
| Median (IQR)b | 27 (23, 32) | 30 (26, 34) | 26 (22, 30) | 24 (21, 30) | <0.0001** |
| Relationship status (n = 941) | 0.10 | ||||
| Married | 70 (7 %) | 24 (8 %) | 35 (8 %) | 11 (5 %) | |
| Not married, but living together | 239 (25 %) | 75 (26 %) | 116 (26 %) | 48 (23 %) | |
| Not married and not living together | 574 (61 %) | 167 (58 %) | 278 (62 %) | 129 (62 %) | |
| Not in a serious relationship | 58 (6 %) | 22 (8 %) | 17 (4 %) | 19 (9 %) | |
| Maternal HIV serostatus at enrolment (n = 941) | <0.0001 | ||||
| HIV-uninfected | 473 (50 %) | 9 (3 %) | 377 (85 %) | 87 (42 %) | |
| HIV-infected | 468 (50 %) | 279 (97 %) | 69 (15 %) | 120 (58 %) | |
| Socioeconomic factors | |||||
| Education (n = 939) | <0.0001 | ||||
| None or primary | 94 (10 %) | 49 (17 %) | 24 (5 %) | 21 (10 %) | |
| Junior secondary | 449 (48 %) | 176 (61 %) | 178 (40 %) | 95 (46 %) | |
| Senior secondary | 272 (29 %) | 43 (15 %) | 162 (36 %) | 67 (32 %) | |
| Tertiary | 124 (13 %) | 19 (7 %) | 81 (18 %) | 24 (12 %) | |
| Employment (n = 939) | 0.20 | ||||
| Employed | 401 (43 %) | 130 (45 %) | 188 (42 %) | 83 (40 %) | |
| Unemployed and looking for work | 248 (26 %) | 80 (28 %) | 121 (27 %) | 47 (23 %) | |
| Unemployed but not looking for workc | 290 (31 %) | 77 (27 %) | 137 (31 %) | 76 (37 %) | |
| Income (n = 939)d | <0.0001 | ||||
| None | 574 (61 %) | 161 (56 %) | 289 (65 %) | 124 (60 %) | |
| <$57 per month | 50 (5 %) | 28 (10 %) | 13 (3 %) | 9 (4 %) | |
| $57 to $113 per month | 144 (15 %) | 53 (19 %) | 48 (11 %) | 43 (21 %) | |
| >$113 per month | 171 (18 %) | 44 (15 %) | 96 (22 %) | 31 (15 %) | |
| Household size (n = 938) | 0.04 | ||||
| 0 to 4 people | 277 (30 %) | 83 (29 %) | 139 (31 %) | 55 (27 %) | |
| 5 to 6 people | 201 (21 %) | 54 (19 %) | 107 (24 %) | 40 (19 %) | |
| 7 to 9 people | 218 (23 %) | 80 (28 %) | 95 (21 %) | 43 (21 %) | |
| 10 or more people | 242 (26 %) | 70 (24 %) | 104 (23 %) | 68 (33 %) | |
| Television or car in the household (n = 935) | 619 (66 %) | 168 (59 %) | 325 (73 %) | 126 (61 %) | 0.0001 |
| Reproductive history | |||||
| Total number of prior pregnancies including current pregnancy (n = 941) | <0.0001 | ||||
| 1 | 296 (31 %) | 34 (12 %) | 165 (37 %) | 97 (47 %) | |
| 2 | 279 (30 %) | 77 (27 %) | 159 (36 %) | 43 (21 %) | |
| 3 | 175 (19 %) | 74 (26 %) | 62 (14 %) | 39 (19 %) | |
| 4 or more | 191 (20 %) | 103 (36 %) | 60 (13 %) | 28 (14 %) | |
| Median (IQR)b | 2 (1 – 3) | 3 (2 – 4) | 2 (1 – 3) | 2 (1 – 3) | <0.0001** |
| Any child died before age 5 years (n = 941) | 93 (10 %) | 51 (18 %) | 26 (6 %) | 16 (8 %) | <0.0001 |
| Current pregnancy unintended (n = 940) | 416 (44 %) | 141 (49 %) | 168 (38 %) | 107 (52 %) | 0.001 |
| Contraception use prior to current pregnancy among women with unintended pregnancy (n = 416) | 0.54 | ||||
| Was using contraception | 268 (64 %) | 93 (66 %) | 103 (61 %) | 72 (67 %) | |
| Was not using contraception | 148 (36 %) | 48 (35 %) | 65 (39 %) | 35 (33 %) | |
| Type of contraception used (n = 269) | 0.41 | ||||
| Oral contraceptive pills | 36 (13 %) | 16 (17 %) | 11 (11 %) | 9 (13 %) | |
| Injectable contraception | 14 (5 %) | 4 (4 %) | 8 (8 %) | 2 (3 %) | |
| Condoms | 219 (81 %) | 74 (79 %) | 84 (82 %) | 61 (85 %) | |
| Intrauterine device, diaphragm or other | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
| Future desire for children (n = 941) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 577 (61 %) | 223 (77 %) | 225 (50 %) | 129 (62 %) | |
| Yes | 229 (24 %) | 34 (12 %) | 155 (35 %) | 40 (19 %) | |
| Do not know | 135 (14 %) | 31 (11 %) | 66 (15 %) | 38 (18 %) | |
IQR interquartile range
*Wald χ2 P-values unless otherwise noted
**Wilcoxon rank sum P-values
aData are n (column %) unless otherwise noted. Values may not total to 100 % due to rounding
b25th and 75th percentiles
cUnemployed includes participants reporting housewife as primary occupation
dBotswana pula were converted to US dollars based on a rate of 8.87 pula per US$1