Table 3.
Characteristics of the geographic areas where a sample of people who inject drugs live (N=9170), and racial/ethnic differences in exposure to these characteristics
| Type of influence and geographic scale | White | Black | Latino | % difference10 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| |||||||||
| Mean or % | SD or N | Mean or % | SD or N | Mean or % | SD or N | White vs. Black | White vs. Latino | Black vs Latino | |
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| Social | |||||||||
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| Male:female sex ratios | |||||||||
| ZIP | 1.12 | 0.39 | 1 | 0.26 | 1.05 | 0.24 | 11 | 6 | −5 |
| County | 0.97 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0.96 | 0.06 | 2 | 1 | −1 |
| MSA | 0.97 | 0.04 | 0.96 | 0.03 | 0.96 | 0.03 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
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| Racial/ethnic composition (ZIP) | |||||||||
| % white | 43.62 | 23.84 | 19.05 | 19.26 | 25.18 | 22.92 | 56* | 42* | −32* |
| % black | 20.52 | 21.64 | 56.58 | 30 | 22.74 | 21.7 | −18* | −11 | 60* |
| % Latino | 22.71 | 19.93 | 17.98 | 20.44 | 43.12 | 24.79 | 21* | −90* | −140* |
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| Violent crime rate (per 1000) | |||||||||
| County | 7.24 | 3.03 | 8.99 | 3.49 | 6.91 | 2.14 | −25* | 5 | 24* |
| MSA | 5.11 | 1.48 | 5.87 | 2.29 | 5.34 | 1.37 | −15 | −5 | 9 |
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| Residential isolation (MSA) | |||||||||
| Black | 32.51 | 19.94 | 43.97 | 18.39 | 36.03 | 18.58 | −35* | −11 | 18 |
| Latino | 28.15 | 16.33 | 28.7 | 14.6 | 40.31 | 14.12 | −2 | −43* | −40* |
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| Economic | |||||||||
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| Median Income (US $) | |||||||||
| ZIP | 46734.67 | 19896.94 | 37197.47 | 15835.05 | 40707.51 | 16413.61 | 20* | 13 | −9 |
| County | 56025.08 | 13404.93 | 52519.91 | 12016.89 | 52490.86 | 10726.97 | 6 | 6 | 0 |
| MSA | 67635.60 | 12038.13 | 65912.22 | 15291.89 | 65080.42 | 11522.28 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
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| Poverty Rate (%) | |||||||||
| ZIP | 23.24 | 11.26 | 29 | 9.93 | 26.54 | 10.9 | −25* | −14 | 9 |
| County | 17 | 5.29 | 18.26 | 4.45 | 17.82 | 4.69 | −7 | −5 | 2 |
| MSA | 12.92 | 2.92 | 13.4 | 4.11 | 14.05 | 2.8 | −4 | −8 | −5 |
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| Unemployment (%) | |||||||||
| ZIP | 10.38 | 4.56 | 15.1 | 6.4 | 12.16 | 4.4 | −45* | −17 | 19 |
| County | 9.4 | 2.07 | 10.47 | 2.73 | 9.99 | 1.64 | −11 | −6 | 6 |
| MSA | 8.41 | 1.28 | 8.93 | 2.78 | 8.97 | 0.9 | −6 | −7 | 0 |
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| No high-school diploma or general equivalency diploma (%) | |||||||||
| ZIP | 19.35 | 11.49 | 23.77 | 10.5 | 27.75 | 13.37 | −23* | −43* | −17 |
| County | 16.18 | 4.84 | 17.41 | 4.49 | 19.39 | 5.08 | −8 | −20* | −11 |
| MSA | 13.83 | 4.24 | 14.71 | 3.72 | 16.39 | 4.65 | −6 | −19 | −11 |
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| Gini coefficient of Income Inequality | 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 1 | −2 | −3 |
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| Health and law enforcement interventions | |||||||||
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| Spatial density of HIV testing sites per sq mile (ZIP) | 6.68 | 14.13 | 8.93 | 15.35 | 6.92 | 12.46 | −34* | −4 | 23* |
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| Spatial access to substance abuse treatment programs (ZIP) | 2.45 | 2.74 | 1.59 | 1.95 | 2.63 | 3.08 | 36* | −6 | −66* |
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| Spatial access to MMTPs | 0.41 | 0.75 | 0.29 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 1.00 | 30* | −14 | −63* |
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| Spatial access to SEPs (ZIP) | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 11 | 20* | 10 |
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| Percent of residents living in a medically underserved area (County) | 15.14 | 24.39 | 19 | 22.92 | 12.19 | 13.06 | −26* | 19 | 36* |
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| Percent of residents without health insurance (County) | 21.48 | 8.61 | 24.16 | 8.98 | 24.74 | 8.46 | −12 | −15 | −2 |
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| Per capita expenditures on health (USD; MSA) | 172.00 | 175.00 | 135.00 | 140.00 | 150.00 | 147.00 | 22* | 13 | −11 |
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| HIV prevalence among PWID in 2002, per 1000 PWID | 8.08 | 5.85 | 9.21 | 5.19 | 11.33 | 7.80 | −14 | −40* | −23* |
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| Arrest rate for hard drug possession, per 1000 | |||||||||
| County | 5.15 | 4.42 | 6.24 | 6.65 | 5.72 | 2.19 | −21* | −11 | 8 |
| MSA | 3.77 | 1.98 | 3.86 | 2.07 | 4.62 | 1.79 | −2 | −23* | −20* |
|
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| Arrest rate for possession of any drug, per 1000 | |||||||||
| County | 9.27 | 7.46 | 11.30 | 10.54 | 10.92 | 5.22 | −22* | −18 | 3 |
| MSA | 7.2 | 3.84 | 7.81 | 3.53 | 9.19 | 4.12 | −8 | −28* | −18 |
|
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| Jail incarceration rate, per 1000 (MSA) | |||||||||
| Overall | 0.33 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0 | 12 | 12 |
| Black | 1.14 | 0.39 | 0.9 | 0.45 | 0.98 | 0.33 | 21* | 14 | −9 |
| White | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.07 | −6 | 17 | 21* |
| Latino | 0.4 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 20* | 13 | −9 |
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| Per capita expenditures on police (USD; MSA) | 312.16 | 74.7 | 305.33 | 66.51 | 347.27 | 67.52 | 2 | −11 | −14 |
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| Per capita expenditures on corrections (USD; MSA) | 92.00 | 43.00 | 77.00 | 42.00 | 87.00 | 35.00 | 16 | 5 | −13 |
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| Law permits purchase of a syringe without a prescription (State) | 75.3% | 2088 | 45.3% | 2151 | 66.8% | 1101 | 40* | 11 | −47* |
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| Law permits possession of a syringe without a prescription (State) | 72.6% | 2013 | 42.3% | 2008 | 76.2% | 1256 | 42* | −5 | −80* |
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| Law permits SEPs to operate (State) | 55.5% | 1539 | 35.0% | 1662 | 57.9% | 954 | 37* | −4 | −65* |
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| Physical | |||||||||
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| Density of abandoned building per sq mile (ZIP) | |||||||||
| Commercial | 118.27 | 246.15 | 56.95 | 109.08 | 76.88 | 156.45 | 52* | 35* | −35* |
| Residential | 83.20 | 106.85 | 175.92 | 207.00 | 93.04 | 108.06 | −111* | −12 | 47* |
| Total | 201.47 | 259.61 | 232.86 | 233.56 | 169.92 | 187.05 | −16 | 16 | 27* |
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| Density of businesses licensed to sell alcohol for off-premises consumption, per sq mile (ZIP) | 16.93 | 26.88 | 8.55 | 11.02 | 19.52 | 26.98 | 50* | −15 | −128* |