Table 1.
Histone modifications and their function in the transcription regulation⁎
| Modification | Histone | Modifying enzyme | Proposed function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acteylation | H2A, H3, H4 | ATF2, ELP3, GCN5, GTF3C4, HAT1, MORF, MOZ, p300, PCAF, SRC-1, TAF1, Tip 60 | Activation |
| Deacetylation | H2A, H3, H4 | HDAC1–HDAC11, SIRT1–SIRT7 | Repression |
| Methylation | H1K26, H3K27 | Ezh2 | Repression |
| H3K9 | ESET, G9a, SUV39H1, SUV39H2, SETDB1 | Repression | |
| H3K4 | MLL, SET7, SET9, SMYD3 | Activation | |
| H3K36 | SETD2, NSD1 | Activation | |
| H3K79 | DOT1L | Activation | |
| H4K20 | PR-SET7, SUV4-20H1, SUV4-20H2 | Repression | |
| H3R17 | CARM1 | Activation | |
| H4R3 | PRMT1 | Activation | |
| H3R8 | PRMT5 | Repression | |
| H4R3 | PRMT5 | Repression | |
| Demethylation | H3K4 | LSD1 | Repression |
| H3K4 | JARID1A, JARID1B, JARID1C, JARID1D | Repression | |
| H3K9 | JMJD1A | Activation | |
| H3K9/H3K36 | JMJD2A, JMJD2B, JMJD2C, JMJD2D | Activation/Repression | |
| H3K36 | JHDM1A, JHDM1B | Repression | |
| H3K27 | JMJD3, UTX | Activation | |
| Phosphorylation | H2AS1, H3S10, H3S28 | MSK1 | Repression |
| H3S10 | Aurora-B, IKK-α, MSK2, RSK2 | Activation | |
| H2AS1, H2AS139, H4S1 | ATR, ATM, DNA-PK, CK2, Tel1 | DNA repair | |
| Ubiquitylation | H2AK119 | RING1B | Activation/repression |
| H2BK120 | UbcH6 | Activation/repression | |
| Biotinylation | H2AK9, H2AK13, H3K4, H3K9, H3K18, H4K12 | Biotinidase | Activation |