Table 2.

Self-stigma and patient activation (PAM-13) levels in participants with HbA1c and diabetes-related complications (n=209)

	Self-stigma*	Patient activation† (PAM-13)
Patient characteristics	Mean (±SD)	Mean (±SD)
HbA1c
<7% (53 mmol/mol) (n=103)	68.7 (±17.6)	53.5 (±9.2)
≥7% (53 mmol/mol) (n=106)	73.4 (±15.3)	50.2 (±9.2)
Number of diabetes-related complications‡
0 (n=129)	69.1 (±16.8)	52.5 (±9.6)
1 (n=52)	73.4 (±15.8)	50.8 (±8.3)
≥ 2 (n=28)	76.0 (±15.9)	50.8 (±9.9)
Quality of diabetes-related complications§
Without eye problems (n=161)	69.5 (±16.6)	52.0 (±9.1)
With eye problems (n=48)	76.4 (±15.8)	51.2 (±10.0)

*Self-Stigma Scale (SSS-J).

†Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13).

‡Diabetes Complications Index (DCI).

§Diabetes-related complications on whether participants had retinopathy and/or cataract.

HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.