Table 3.
Linear associations between patient-centred care and outcomes at 1- and 5-year follow-up in ADDITION-Plus cohort
| Changes from 0 to 1 years of follow-up |
Changes from 1 to 5 years of follow-up |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N | Coefficient | 95% CI | p Value | Coefficient | 95% CI | p Value | ||
| Self-reported measures | |||||||||
| Total activity energy expenditure (MET h/day) | 371 | 0.080 | 0.017 | 0.143 | 0.01 | −0.037 | −0.318 | 0.243 | 0.79 |
| Sedentary time (min/day) | 371 | −1.633 | −2.897 | −0.368 | 0.01 | 0.014 | −0.010 | 0.037 | 0.25 |
| Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (min/day) | 371 | 5.328 | 0.796 | 9.859 | 0.01 | −0.241 | −0.880 | 0.400 | 0.46 |
| Energy intake (kJ/day) | 371 | 0.920 | −3.960 | 5.810 | 0.71 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.51 |
| Alcohol per week (units) | 371 | 0.022 | −0.037 | 0.081 | 0.47 | −0.022 | −0.085 | 0.041 | 0.49 |
| Objectively measured health behaviours | |||||||||
| Physical activity energy expenditure (kJ/kg/day)* | 308 | −0.001 | −0.166 | 0.164 | 0.99 | −0.014 | 0.850 | −0.100 | 0.08 |
| Plasma vitamin C (µmol/L) | 303 | −0.231 | −0.462 | <0.001 | 0.05 | −0.040 | −0.100 | 0.020 | 0.17 |
| Clinical and biochemical measures | |||||||||
| HbA1c (%)† | 387 | −0.006 | −0.015 | 0.004 | 0.23 | 0.004 | −0.005 | 0.013 | 0.39 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)‡ | 396 | −0.561 | −0.653 | −0.468 | 0.01 | 0.107 | −0.053 | 0.267 | 0.19 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)‡ | 396 | −0.565 | −0.654 | −0.476 | 0.01 | 0.064 | −0.031 | 0.159 | 0.19 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L)§ | 390 | 0.002 | −0.006 | 0.011 | 0.58 | 0.001 | −0.008 | 0.010 | 0.83 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)§ | 390 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.03 | −0.002 | −0.004 | 0.001 | 0.17 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)§ | 390 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.07 | 0.001 | −0.007 | 0.007 | 0.99 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 383 | −0.060 | −0.120 | 0.011 | 0.07 | 0.085 | 0.015 | 0.155 | 0.02 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 383 | −0.010 | −0.031 | 0.006 | 0.19 | 0.013 | −0.010 | 0.036 | 0.27 |
| Modelled UKPDS 10-year cardiovascular risk¶ | 390 | 0.001 | −0.001 | <0.001 | 0.54 | 0.001 | −0.001 | 0.001 | 0.51 |
*Measured at 1-year only.
†Adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, social class and hypoglycaemic medication.
‡Adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, social class and antihypertensive medication.
§Adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, social class and lipid-lowering therapy.
¶Adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, social class, lipid-lowering therapy, antihypertensive and hypoglycaemic medication.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; UKPDS, UK Prospective Diabetes Study.