Table 3.
Crude and adjusted associations for select factors* and under-five mortality annual rate of reduction, 2000–2013
| Crude |
Adjusted† |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N‡ | β | 90% CI | p Value | β | 90% CI | p Value | |
| Sociodemographics | |||||||
| Adult female literacy rate (%) | 33 | 0.02 | (−0.26 to 0.31) | 0.39 | 0.11 | (−0.19 to 0.41) | 0.32 |
| Female labour participation rate (%) | 42 | −1.07 | (−2.42 to 0.29) | 0.17 | −0.32 | (−1.56 to 0.92) | 0.36 |
| Fertility rate (births per woman) | 42 | 0.78 | (0.26 to 1.31) | 0.02 | 0.54 | (0.07 to 1.02) | 0.07 |
| Human development index (0–1)§ | 35 | 0.12 | (0.04 to 0.20) | 0.02 | 0.09 | (0.01 to 0.17) | 0.07 |
| Improved water source (%) | 42 | 0.40 | (−0.05 to 0.85) | 0.14 | 0.36 | (−0.07 to 0.78) | 0.16 |
| Labour force participation rate among women (%) | 42 | −0.33 | (−1.19 to 0.53) | 0.33 | 0.19 | (−0.57 to 0.96) | 0.36 |
| Urban population prevalence (%) | 42 | 0.53 | (−0.03 to 1.09) | 0.12 | 0.39 | (−0.15 to 0.93) | 0.20 |
| Maternal Health | |||||||
| Adult female mortality rate (rate per 1000 persons) | 42 | −0.49 | (−0.83 to −0.16) | 0.03 | −0.25 | (−0.61 to 0.10) | 0.20 |
| Maternal mortality ratio (rate per 100 000 births)¶ | 35 | −0.57 | (−0.80 to −0.35) | <0.01 | −0.47 | (−0.69 to −0.24) | <0.01 |
| Pregnant women receiving prenatal care (%) | 35 | 0.09 | (−0.30, 0.48) | 0.37 | 0.09 | (−0.24 to 0.41) | 0.36 |
| Access to Health Care | |||||||
| Seeking ARI treatment (%)¶ | 31 | 0.26 | (0.10 to 0.42) | 0.02 | 0.22 | (0.09 to 0.35) | 0.01 |
| Births attended by skilled health staff (%)¶ | 34 | 0.21 | (−0.03 to 0.45) | 0.14 | 0.18 | (−0.07 to 0.43) | 0.19 |
| Clinical and Health Conditions | |||||||
| Adult prevalence of HIV (%) | 42 | −0.13 | (−0.25 to −0.01) | 0.07 | −0.09 | (−0.20 to 0.02) | 0.17 |
| Malnutrition prevalence (height for age) (%)¶ | 32 | 0.11 | (−0.15 to 0.38) | 0.31 | 0.15 | (−0.10 to 0.40) | 0.24 |
| Governance and Financing | |||||||
| Health expenditure (% of GDP) (%) | 42 | 0.24 | (0.07 to 0.40) | 0.03 | 0.26 | (0.11 to 0.41) | 0.01 |
| Health expenditure (% of government expenditures) (%)** | 42 | 0.11 | (−0.01 to 0.23) | 0.12 | 0.08 | (−0.04 to 0.19) | 0.22 |
| Net ODA received per capita (US$) | 42 | −0.01 | (−0.09 to 0.07) | 0.39 | −0.08 | (−0.15 to −0.01) | 0.07 |
| Out-of-pocket health expenditure (%)** | 42 | −0.19 | (−0.37 to −0.02) | 0.08 | −0.19 | (−0.34 to −0.03) | 0.06 |
| Other | |||||||
| Households with television (%) | 23 | 0.29 | (0.13 to 0.46) | 0.01 | 0.19 | (0.05 to 0.33) | 0.04 |
*Includes all factors for which (1) β >0.20 or β <−0.20, or (2) p<0.10. Factors having both are shown in bold. Additional factors of interest are shown if N≥23. (Results for all factors available in online supplemental table S5).
†All results adjusted for improved water source, health expenditure (% of GDP), adult HIV prevalence, and urban population prevalence unless otherwise noted.
‡N=sample size of the adjusted analyses and is <46 due to missing country data on some of the factors, including those included as covariates.
§Since the range of the HDI is only from 0 to 1, the β represents the change in ARR for each 0.10 increase in HDI ARC.
¶further adjusted for receipt of prenatal care.
** not adjusted for health expenditure (% of GDP).
ARI, acute respiratory infection; GDP, gross domestic product; ODA, Official Development Assistance.