Data represent responding (lever presses/2-h session ±S.E.) recorded during reinstatement testing following electric footshock (0.5 mA, 0.5” shocks delivered an average of every 40 sec over a 15-min period) in rats pretreated with intra-VTA injections of vehicle or 1 ng/side (Figure 3A), 10 ng/side (Figure 3B), or 20 ng/side (Figure 3C) concentrations of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline (BIC), and responding during the previous extinction (Ext) session. Shock reinstated cocaine seeking regardless of whether rats were pretreated with vehicle or intra-VTA bicuculline (*P<0.05 overall shock reinstatement effect vs. Ext but no effect of BIC or shock × BIC interaction).