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. 2015 Nov 24;8:plv140. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plv140

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Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 7. — Functional morphology of the trapdoor (species shown: U. vulgaris). (A) A dissected trapdoor. Note the free door edge (fe), trigger hairs (tr) and spherically headed glands (sg). (B) Composite LM image of a 10-µm-thick semi-thin longitudinal section of a trapdoor connected to the trap wall (tw). The trapdoor compartments (upper hinge (uh), middle region (mr), central hinge (ch), middle piece (mp)) and structures at the outer surface of the trapdoor (on the left-hand side) (trigger hairs (tr), glands (gl), pyriform glands (pg)) are indicated. (C–L) Scanning electron microscope images of trapdoor regions. (C) Trap entrance with ‘antennae’ (an) and outer trapdoor surface with trigger hairs (tr) and various glands; note also the lateral folds (lf) on the free edge of the trapdoor. (D) Inner trapdoor surface with the conspicuous cellular arrangements depicting the different door regions. Quadrifid glands (qg) are also visible. (E) Oblique view of the outer trapdoor surface. (F) Oblique view of the inner trapdoor surface. (G) Detailed view of a lateral trapdoor fold. (H) Detailed view of the central hinge and middle piece on the inner trapdoor surface. Note the bulges on the middle piece and central hinge. Between these bulges, which are also visible on the outer trapdoor surface, the trapdoor is very thin (indicated by a dashed line) and can easily deform, which causes collapsing of the trigger hairs during trapdoor movement. The spherically headed glands at the area of the trigger hairs insertion on the outer trapdoor surface are also visible. (I) Image of a longitudinal section of a trap entrance. The trapdoor (td) and velum (ve) are well visible. (J) Detailed view of the velum. The inner zone (iz) and inner region (ir) on the threshold are also visible. (K) Area of trigger hair insertion with spherically headed glands. The dashed line indicates according to (H) the area between the bulges where the trapdoor is very thin. (L) Longitudinal section of the trapdoor area where a trigger hair inserts into the trapdoor. (C and D) Modified from Vincent et al. (2011b).