Table 2.
Subgroup analysis of blended learning versus no intervention.
| Subgroup | Interventions, n | Pooled effect sizes (95% CI) | Heterogeneity (I2), P | Interaction, P a | Meta-regression | ||
| Coef. | P | ||||||
| All interaction | 20 | 1.40 (1.04-1.77) | 94.8% (93.1-96.0), P<.001 |
|
|
|
|
| Study design | |||||||
|
|
Posttest 2-groups | 2 | 0.59 (0.00-1.18) | 57.0%, P=.13 |
|
|
|
|
|
Pre-posttest 1 group | 17 | 1.47 (1.05-1.88) | 95.0% (93.3-96.3), P<.001 | <.001 | .27 | .81 |
|
|
Pre-posttest 2-groups | 1 | 1.87 (1.62-2.13) | 0 |
|
|
|
| Country | |||||||
|
|
Developed | 14 | 1.29 (0.83-1.75) | 96.0% (94.6-97.1), P<.001 | .23 | -.22 | .90 |
|
|
Developing | 6 | 1.71 (1.20-2.22) | 76.5% (47.4-89.5), P=.001 |
|
|
|
| Participant | |||||||
|
|
Medical students | 9 | 1.13 (0.32-1.94) | 96.8% (95.4-97.8), P<.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Nursing students | 1 | 2.14 (1.72-2.56) | 0 |
|
|
|
|
|
Nurses | 2 | 1.05 (0.79-1.91) | 0.0%, P=.56 | <.001 | .05 | .82 |
|
|
Physicians | 6 | 1.84 (1.14-2.54) | 81.2% (59.7-91.2), P<.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
Public health workers | 1 | 1.72 (1.60-1.83) | 0 |
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|
|
|
|
Others | 1 | 1.37 (1.17-1.58) | 0 |
|
|
|
| Intervention duration | |||||||
|
|
˂1 semester | 17 | 1.39 (1.10-1.18) | 89.2% (84.2-92.6), P<.001 | .97 | -.33 | .69 |
|
|
≥1 semester | 3 | 1.43 (-0.82-3.68) | 98.9% (98.1-99.3), P<.001 |
|
|
|
| Randomization | |||||||
|
|
Randomized | 2 | 0.59 (.001-1.64) | 57.0%, P=.013 | .01 | .67 | .45 |
|
|
Nonrandomized | 18 | 1.49 (1.11-1.87) | 94.9% (93.2-96.2), P<.001 |
|
|
|
| Quality score | |||||||
|
|
≥4 | 5 | 1.89 (1.13-2.66) | 96.2% (93.4-97.8), P<.001 | .63 | -1.05 | .29 |
|
|
˂4 | 15 | 1.23 (.77-1.69) | 94.3% (92.1-95.9), P<.001 |
|
|
|
| Exercises | |||||||
|
|
Present | 10 | 1.28 (0.64-1.90) | 95.1% (93.2-96.4), P<.001 | .92 | -.21 | .75 |
|
|
Absent | 10 | 1.53 (1.08-1.99) | 89.5% (88.7-96.7), P<.001 |
|
|
|
| Interactivity | |||||||
|
|
High | 15 | 1.54 (1.07-2.00) | 95.6% (94.0-96.7), P<.001 | .20 | -1.25 | .41 |
|
|
low | 5 | 1.05 (0.44-1.65) | 90.9% (81.7-95.5), P<.001 |
|
|
|
| Peer discussion | |||||||
|
|
Present | 10 | 1.25 (0.70-1.79) | 96.2% (94.2-97.2), P<.001 | .11 | -.07 | .97 |
|
|
Absent | 10 | 1.87 (1.21-2.53) | 93.1% (88.6-95.3), P<.001 |
|
|
|
| Outcome assessment | |||||||
|
|
Objective | 16 | 1.66 (1.29-2.04) | 91.9% (88.4-94.3), P<.001 | .005 | -2.02 | .03 |
|
|
Subjective | 4 | 0.46 (-0.30-1.22) | 95.8% (92.1-97.8), P<.001 |
|
|
|
| Funding from company | |||||||
|
|
Yes | 2 | 2.29 (-1.53 to 6.11) | 99.2%, P<.001 | .61 | -.93 | .37 |
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|
No | 18 | 1.30 (.97-1.62) | 92.7% (88.9-94.7), P<.001 |
|
|
|
a P for interaction means the P of heterogeneity between groups.